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Biotechnology for Human Welfare

Biotechnology for Human Welfare. Naiyyum Choudhury Professor, BRAC University & Secretary, BAS. BIOTECHNOLOGY-DEFINITION!. What is Biotechnology ?

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Biotechnology for Human Welfare

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  1. Biotechnology for Human Welfare Naiyyum Choudhury Professor, BRAC University & Secretary, BAS

  2. BIOTECHNOLOGY-DEFINITION! • What is Biotechnology? • Biotechnology may be defined as a set of modern tools that utilize living organisms or parts of it cell or tissue or genes/DNA to make or modify or improve plants or animals or develop microorganisms for specific use and their large scale production. • Industrial use of recombinant DNA • Trangenic plant development • Cell fusion • Novel bioprocess technologies and Bioremediation

  3. Traditional and New Biotechnology • Traditional Biotechnology • Biotechnology has been employed by humans for millenia. Examples include production of beer, cheese ans bread • New Biotechnology • Recent development in molecular biology have given biotechnology a new meaning, new horizon and new potential through use of recombinant DNA technology

  4. Gradients 0f Biotechnology-Traditional Microbial Fermentation Biological nitrogen fixation Plant Tissue Culture Embryo Transfer Technology Monoclonal Antibody

  5. Modern Biotechnology-cost rising! Recombinant DNA Technology Genetic Engineering of Microbes Genetic Engineering of Plants Genetic Engineering of Animals

  6. Milestones in Biotechnology 1950-1960- DNA Strucure unfolded 1960-1970- Plant Tissue Culture Plant Protoplast Reverse transcriptase 1970-1980- Restriction Enzymes Gene Cloning Agrobacterium in Plant transformation 1980-1990- PCR Technology GM Insulin 1990-2000- Dolly sheep, Animal Cloning, GM Crops Bt Cotton Human Genome Project etc. etc

  7. Transgenic Plants • More than 4000 plants have been developed with GE methods with new characteristics • Tolerant to freeze • Modification of ripening or softening • Shel life increase • Modification of sweetening of fruits

  8. Other Areas of application • Food ingredients • Starter culture • Peptide growth hormone • Nutritional quality improvement • Trasngennic animals • Heath And diagnostic products • Recombinat dairy products • Hazardous waste treatment

  9. Food ingredients • Amino acids • Vitamins • Sweetening agents • Organic acids • Antimicrobial agents • Flavouring agent i.e. MSG • Various enzymes

  10. Improvement of Nutritional quality by the Application of GE • Nutritional quality of food supply-Golden rice. • Potatoes with 30% higher solid content • Essential amino acids in cereal grain increased • Improvement of taste, texture, colour and processing charateristics • of agricultural products

  11. Transgenic Animals • Transgenic animals for increased milk, meat and pharmaceutical products

  12. Health and Diagnostics through GE • -Cancer imaging agents • -Recombinant dairy products • - Autoimmune therapeutics • - Diabetes therapy • - Growth/healing proteins

  13. Genetically Engineered Pharmaceuticals Human insulin Human growth hormone Alpha interferon Hepatitis B vaccine Interleukin AIDS treatment GE bacteria for agriculture . è Modern techniques like ETT (Embryo Transfer Technology) with artificial insemination is being pursued. è Eleven types of veterinary biologics are presently being produced.

  14. Agricultural Feedstocks & Chemicals Medical Devices & Equipment Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Hospitals & Laboratories Research & Testing • General medical & surgical hospitals • Psychiatric hospitals • Specialty hospitals • Medical & dental laboratories • Laboratory apparatus & furniture • Surgical, medical, dental, & analytical instruments & equipment • X-ray & electromedical equipment • Biological research • Medical research • Food & seed testing laboratories • Veterinary testing laboratories • Medicinals & botanicals • Pharma-ceutical preparations • Diagnostic substances • Biological products • Industrial inorganic chemicals • Fertilizers • Other agricultural chemicals Service-Oriented Product-Oriented Biotech Wheels Source: Battelle Memorial Institute

  15. Agricultural Feedstock & Chemicals Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Medical Devices & Equipment Research & Testing 13% 17% 13% 17% Agricultural Feedstock & Chemicals Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Medical Devices & Equipment 37% 33% 37% 33% Research & Testing The Bioscience Subsectors

  16. Agri-biotechnology and Healthcare GM Crops GM Crop based Products

  17. Global GM crop scenario • Area coverage ~68 million hectare • Market value ~ US$ 5.0 billion • Major crops in commerce: soybean, maize, cotton,canola, tomato, potato, rice • Major traits of interest: insect resistance, viral resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought/salinity tolerance, nutritional quality. • [estimated global bio-pharma market ~US$ 15 b]

  18. Emerging plant-based new ventures other than GM crops • Plant based: r-therapeutics & diagnostics (human & veterinary applications) • Metabolically engineered phytomedicines • Value-added herbal products (new products from known herbs: target new disease/ more knowledge rich)

  19. Important Biotech Healthcare products for molecular farming • 1986: Human growth hormone in tobacco • 1989: IgG in tobacco • 1992: Hepatitis B surface antigen in tobacco • 1992: Alpha amylase in tobacco • 1995: IgA in tobacco • 1997: Avidin in maize • 2001: Vaccine in potato • 2003: Functional antibody in algae • 2005: Human anthrax antibodies in tobacco • It is estimated that by 2010 the market for this segment will touch US$ 100 billion

  20. Commercial Scope: healthcare Biotech products • R-therapeutics & diagnostics: US$ 50b (2005); US$ 200b (2015); • Phytomedicine, nutraceuticals & beauticeuticals: US$ 30b (2005); US$ 60b (2015); • Dietetics food & enzymes: US$ 90b (2005); US$ 250b (2015); • Bioinformatics & embeded systems: US$ 02b (2005); US$ 06b (2015).

  21. Mass propagation industry: Major problems • EOU vs domestic market • High volume low value • High risk on quality control & quarantine aspect • Highly competitive • Secured market based on IP is not possible • Automated production for minimizing cost of production needs huge capital investment

  22. Biotech and Electronics- A Double Helix • The multidisplinary approach to Biotechnology has resulted in new and unique interdisciplinary area in which molecular biology, different branches of engineering, electronics etc have played pivotal role in making products, processes and services of the modern biotechnology within reach. of common man. • From application point of view, like twin strands of a double helix, biotechnology and electronics are joining forces in a technological explosion that will dwarf what will be possible by either one of them. These aspects will be highlighted in the paper

  23. GM Crops 2011 • This is a historical landmark in that it is the first time for more than 160 million hectares of biotech crops to be grown in any one year. In order to appropriately account for the use of two or three  "stacked traits", that confer multiple benefits in a single biotech variety, is 15% higher than the estimate of 160 million hectares.

  24. Biotechnology and Developing Countries -Interseted but directly not involved in Modern Biotechnology Have National policy on Biotechnology and research programme; little in-country modern biotechnology Have national policy, research programme and international collaboration Have national policy, modern biotech research programme; storng overseas linkage in public and private sectors

  25. Key Points Biology is in a fundamental revolution as knowledge acquisition is exponential Post genomic pharmaceutical (targeted drugs) are based on • Human genome at the chromosomal level • Advent of computer power • Robotics • New automated models • Nano technologies

  26. Key Points The biotechnology promise • Increase agricultural productivity • Increase pharmaceutical specificity • Reduce hunger • Improve Healthcare This technology will move therapeutic from symptomatic treatment to disease- modifying new medicine

  27. Key Points Gene - environment interaction Through knowledge of genomics and proteomics targeted drugs (not based on Symptoms) can be created.

  28. Key Points The activation of research groups in the south promoted by major research institute based in developed countries by providing stable funding for these groups. This approach could make possible the development of new therapeutic drugs and vaccines designed specifically for LDCs related

  29. Key Points Technology transfer which seems to be a gateway to a new and promising economic development in those countries where a good level of entrepreneurship is already able to promote and produce innovations

  30. Key Points Public awareness has to be promoted to balance fears and opportunities. Each country should be able to sort out the benefits from the hazards of biotechnology; recognizing ethical concern and helping the public make more informed choices. This could help foster international cooperation in biotechnology research

  31. Government initiatives for Biotechnology in Bangladesh

  32. R&D Priorities for Biotechnology gineering in Bangladesh • Agriculture sector • Health sector • Industry sector • Energy sector • Environment sector

  33. National Committee on Biotechnology Product Development • In September 1993, a National Committee on Biotechnology Product Development was formed and finally the following products were selected : • Rhizobial inoculants for use as biofertilizers • Yeasts as protein supplement of poultry feed • Tissue culture derived post exposure anti-rabies vaccine • Tissue culture based foot and mouth disease vaccine • Bamboo saplings by ex-vitro and in-vitro methods • Biogas technology for fuel, fertilizer and environmental Pollution control • Production of high quality potato seeds by using tissue culture

  34. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Concept initiated : 1984 • NCST approval : 1993 • Feasibility study : 1993 • PCP approval : 1995 • ECNEC approval : 1999 • Project work initiated : July 2000 • Estimated cost : 2768.24 Lakh Taka (Revised) • Project completed in 2008

  35. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Located in Ganobari, Savarin the campus of Atomic Energy Research Establishment • Total Floor space of the laboratories : 2250 sq. m. • Number of Laboratory : 6 • Total number of scientists to work : 100 at the moment less than 10 scientists

  36. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Bangladesh has adopted the National Biotechnology Policy in July 2006 to accelerate multidimensional biotechnological research for augmenting human welfare in all respects such as food security, health and a sound environment in particular. The NIB is intended for the application of biotechnology-based technologies as per guidelines of National Biotechnology Policy. The tools of biotechnology are currently being applied across the biological sciences to address problems in agricultural crop improvement, marine sciences and aquaculture, environment, pharmacy, forensics and public health.

  37. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFBIOTECHNOLOGY National Institute of Biotechnology is situated at Ganakbari beside Shreepur Kasampur road, at a total area of 11.5 acre of land. NIB will act as a National focal point to co-ordinate biotechnological activities in the country. The institute deserves its contribution for upgrading the socioeconomic development of the country through developing of high yielding varieties of crops, generation of employment, poverty alleviation, women empowerment, human resource development and awareness creation about the importance of application of biotechnology in agriculture, environment, health and industrial sectors.Research Divisions of NIB

  38. Research Divisions of National Institute of BiotechnologyIB

  39. 1. Plant Biotechnology Division Plant tissue culture for large-scale multiplication of rare, endangered, flower and fruit plant. Development of pathogen free, insect-pest and environment stress resistant plant through tissue culture and genetic transformation. Molecular characterization of local plant species • Plant Tissue Culture • Plant GeneticTransformation • Plant Breeding • DNA fingerprinting of plants • Marker aided selection of plants • Management of crops pest and pathogens

  40. 2. Microbial biotechnology Division • Genetic improvement of industrial microorganisms • Production of enzymes, chemicals and other biotech products of industrial importance • Development of biotech pharmaceutical products • Protein Engineering

  41. 3. Animal Biotechnology Division • Characterization, selection, conservation and genetic improvement of animal through modern biotechnological methods • Production of biotech-derived therapeutics / diagnostic kits, antibiotics and vaccines • >Improvement of feed quality through biotechnological approaches • Preservation technique of animal products.

  42. 4. Fisheries Biotechnology Division • Gene library construction of critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable fishes of Bangladesh • Pure Gene line (Inbreeding) preparation for carp and other fishes. • Development of improved strains of fish through selective Breeding • Production of Sustainable variety (out breeding) of Critically Endangered Fish • Production of transgenic fish through gene manipulation • Selective production of Monosex fish populations (all male or all female) • Storage of fish sperms and embryos by freezing • Characterization of fish using molecular markers • Production of Biotech improved fish feed

  43. Environmental Biotechnology Division • Development of biopesticides, biofertilizer and bioremediation agents • Development of appropriate waste management programme • Evaluation of ecological impacts of transgenic organisms • Preservation, development and long term conservation of bioresources • Alternative energy from renewable bioresources • Biofertilizer for different crops • Alternative energy from renewable bioresources • bio-remediation agents • Bio-mineralization process • bio-indicators and bio-pesticides

  44. Molecular Biology Division • Vector preparation • Cloning • Gene expression study • DNA fingerprinting and profiling • cDNA library, genomic DNA library and gene bank construction • Sequencing of genes and DNA of interest

  45. NIB will play a very important role in the filed of biotechnological research for agricultural, environmental, medical, food and industrial development of the country. • The Institute is intended for the application of biotechnology-based technologies as per guidelines of National Biotechnology Policy. • The tools of biotechnology are currently being applied across the biological sciences to address problems in agricultural crop improvement, marine sciences and aquaculture, environment, pharmacy, forensics and public health.

  46. NECB • National Executive Committee on Biotechnology with Proncipal Secretary to the Prime Minister as Chair • 12 Members including two expert members • Secretary, S&T is the member Secretary, NECB

  47. Ploicy Directions, Monitoring and Implementation Mechanism • National Task Force on Biotechnology Development formed with Hon’ble Prime Minister as the Chairperson • State Minister for Science and Technology- Vice Chairman • 25 Members including Secretaries of relevant mninistries, Chairman, BCSIR,BAEC and BARC and one expert member on Biotechnology by name • Secretary, S&T is member Secretary of the NTBB

  48. National Technical Committee NBT Policy 2006 • NTC for Biodiversity • NTC for Biosafety • NTC for Crop Biotechnology • NTC for Livestock and Fisheries • NTC for Medical Biotechnology

  49. NTC as per National Biotechnology Policy 2012 • 1. NTC Agricultural Biotechnology • 2. NTC Animal Biotechnology • 3. NTC on Fisheries Biotechnoology • 4. NTC on Env. Biotechnology • 5. NTC on Medical Biotechnology • 6. NTC on Industrial Biotechnology • 7. NTC on Human Resource Development • 8. NTC on Biosafety

  50. Coordination and Management Committee as per NBT Policy 2012 • 18 Member Coordination and Management Committee with Secretary, S&T as Chair and • DG NIB as member Secretary • Experts from relevant disciplines and representatives from relevant ministries

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