Growth of Nationalism

1. Growth of Nationalism

2. Introduction • Slavery threatened the nation’s unity after the War of 1812 • Govt. was acting in both domestic & foreign policy to assert strong nationalism • Economic & territorial expansion produced nationalism

3. Introduction (cont) • Political issues connected w/national development • Reestablishing BUS • Protecting new industries • Providing a nationwide network of roads & waterways

4. Ramifications of Wo1812 • War of 1812 = Political Consequences • Federalists = No longer political power • D-R = U.S. is a strong nation • Republicans = Begin adopting Federalist policies

5. Transportation Revolution • Should the fed. govt. help to finance roads & other “internal improvements?” • 1st great fed. trans. project was the building of the NationalRoad between Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA

6. Transportation Revolution (cont) • Lancaster Turnpike, connecting Philadelphia & Pittsburgh • Natural system of river transportation imp. reason for U.S. development

7. Transportation Revolution (cont) • Steam power & Robert Fulton (1807) • Steamboat revolutionized western commerce • Great boom for farmers & merchants

8. The Canal Boom • Linked seaboard cities directly to Great Lakes, the Ohio R., & the MS River • Erie Canal (1825) • Most spectacular engineering success of era • Economic success

9. Canal Boom (cont) • Ended in the 1830s & 1840s • Railroads were beginning to compete successfully for the same traffic • New phase in transportation revolution

10. Emergence of a Market Economy • Improved transportation increased farm income & stimulated commercial agriculture • Commodities grown for sale rather than consumed at home • Good land & revolution in marketing spurred commercial farming

11. Market Economy (cont) • Regional concentration on staple crops • Wheat – north • Sheep raising – New England • Tobacco – upper south • Rice – coastal SC • Sugar - LA

12. Market Economy (cont) • “King” cotton in lower south • U.S.’s #1 export commodity • Cotton gin & Eli Whitney (1793)

13. Market Economy (cont) • Slavery becomes entrenched • Rich & powerful plantation owners wanted slavery to remain legal in the South

14. Commerce & Banking • A system of intermediaries arose negotiating between producers & lrg. markets • The need for credit encouraged the growth of money & banking

15. Commerce & Banking (cont) • Production & circulation of $ became an issue • U.S. govt. is the only agency authorized to coin money & regulate its value • Early to mid-19th cent., the govt. printed no paper money & produced sm. #s of gold & silver coin • Private or state banking institutions filled void by issuing banknotes

16. Commerce & Banking (cont) • After expiration of BUS (1) charter, lrg. # of st. banks began operations • BUS (2) issued in 1816 w/20 yr. charter. • Free-lending policies & overextension of credit led to Panic of 1819

17. Early Industrialization • New approaches to manufacturing created lrg., semi-mechanized factories • Became cheapest way to produce goods & most profitable • Industrial Revolution

18. Early Industrialization (cont) • Great Britain starts a revolution • British merchants build 1st factories • In U.S., rushing rivers, rich deposits of coal & iron ore, steady stream of unskilled immigrants

19. Early Industrialization (cont) • Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 encouraged development of domestic industries • New England industrializes • Samuel Slater in 1793 & 1st mechanized textile factory in Am.

20. Early Industrialization (cont) • As late as 1820, about 2/3 of clothing worn by Ams. was made in households by female family members • “Putting-out” system • Centered in Northeast

21. Early Industrialization (cont) • Boston Manufacturing Co. in Waltham, MA (1813) • Lowell, MA (1822) • Workforce of unmarried, young women in supervised dormitories

22. Early Industrialization (cont) • Shouldn’t assume that Am. had already experienced an industrial rev. by 1840 • Revolution of distribution rather than production

23. Expanding Westward • Dramatic surge in westward expansion in the yrs. following the War of 1812 • Population pressures • Economic pressures • Availability of new land • Weakening Native resistance

24. Extending Boundaries • 1st goal of postwar expansionists was to obtain FL from Spain • James Monroe (D-R) elected in 1816 • Jackson’s invasion of FL • Continuing raids on Am. territory by Seminole Indians

25. Extending Boundaries (cont) • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) Spain ceded all of FL to U.S. • Mexico opened northern territories to trade w/U.S. • Santa Fe Trail between MO & NM • John Jacob Astor & the American Fur Company

26. Settlement to the Mississippi • Last stand of the Natives in OH Valley & Northwest Territory was the Black Hawk War (1831 – 1832) • Many white settlers wanted removal of all Natives

27. Settlement to the MS (cont) • “Five Civilized Tribes” of the Southeast • Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, & Chickasaw • Availability of easy credit fueled land boom

28. People and Culture of Frontier • Many tried to recreate former ways of life • High degree of self-sufficiency • Communal events • Mythic view of the West • James Fennimore Cooper

29. “Era of Good Feelings” • Expansion of economy • Growth of white settlement & trade in the West • Rising nationalism for a while in politics

30. End of first party system • Election of 1816 • Monroe wins • J. Q. Adams – Sec. of St. • Calhoun – War • Trying to harmonize various interests of country in a govt. of national unity

31. End of 1st Party System (cont) • Monroe’s good will tour of 1820 – “era of good feelings” • Monroe reelected in 1820 • Federalist Party ceased to exist

32. End of 1st Party System (cont) • Clay of KY & the American System • Protective tariff • Strengthening the BUS • Federal financing of internal improvements • Tariff of 1816 raised import duties an average of 25%; broad support in all parts of country • Constitutional objections about internal improvements

33. MO Compromise • Averted a sectional crisis for a time • MO applied for admission as a slave st. • ME as a free st. • 1820

34. MO Compromise

35. Latin American Rev/Monroe Doct. • Asserting nationalism in foreign policy • U.S. began developing a policy toward Latin America in the 1820s

36. Lat. Am. Rev/Monroe Doctrine • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • U.S. opposed any further colonization in the Ams. or any effort by European nations to extend their political systems outside their hemisphere • U.S. pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe

37. Adams & End of Era • Monroe endorsed John Quincy Adams to succeed him • The “era of good feelings” turned out to be a fad

38. Marshall and the Court • Supreme Court – substantial contribution to nationalism & strong federal gov’t. • Marshall placed the protection of individual liberty above economic, social, & political equality

39. Marshall & the Court (cont) • In limiting st. action, he cited the contract clause of the Constitution • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) charters are contracts

40. Marshall & the Court (cont) • McCullogh v. Maryland (1819) confirmed the “implied powers” of the Constitution by upholding constitutionality of BUS • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) strengthened Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce • Ct. trends support nationalistic trends of period