Closing the West: 1870-1900

1. Closing the West:1870-1900 AP US History

2. “Wests” in Us History Appalachians Mississippi River California The “Last West”

3. Government Policy in the West • Pacific Railway Act • Railroad Land Grants • Homestead Act –2 • 160 Acres for small legal fees if “improved” • Indian Wars

4. Economics of the Plains Railroads Homesteaders Ranchers Miners Individual v. Big Business

5. Competition for the West white settlers African Americans (Exodusters) Mexican Americans (Las GorrasBlancas) Immigrants (European & Asian) women (Wyoming & suffrage) Native Americans Big Business

6. Conservation Debate Conservation– proper use by humans Preservation – no human impact Corporate Business Interests – businesses should develop land for $ • Example - Hydraulic gold mining • 1872 – Yellowstone Park • 1890 – Yosemite Park (conservation – HetchHetchy Dam) • 1892 – Sierra Club/John Muir (preservation) SAQ

7. Native American Policy in West

8. Native American Policy in West Evaluate the impact of the federal government on the Plain Indians in the period 1870-1900.

9. Federal Actions and Impact

10. Native American Policy in West Results: By 1900, roughly 1,000 of the 15 million bison alive in 1870 remained By 1900, roughly 200,000 Native Americans remained in the United States Most Native Americans lived with partial to complete reliance on the federal government 47 million acres of land were distributed to Native Americans, but 90 million acres of the “best” reservation land was sold to whites Native Americans do not become US citizens until 1924

11. Native American Policy in West Evaluate changes in federal policy towards Plains Indiansduring the period from 1865-1900? Dot Jot Context w/ Specifics Define Change A  B ( C) Complexity: Opposite or Synthesis (need details)

12. Western Farmers/Homesteaders

13. Western Farmers/Homesteaders

14. Western Farmers/Homesteaders (1) • Poor Conditions – doesn’t rain much beyond 98th parallel • dry • no trees • weather extremes • insects • Problems • Debt – owe $ to RRs, storage, banks, suppliers • Low prices – more acres under cultivation lowered prices (stats) • Overproduction – more crops lowered prices (stats) • Machinery - expensive • Storage Fees - expensive • Taxes - expensive • RRs - expensive • World Competition – no tariff to protect American farmers

15. The Populist Revolution

16. The Populist Revolution(2) Origins • Grangers/Farmer’s Alliance: • Social Connection • Cooperatives – collectively store crops • Granger Laws – tried to regulate RRs • Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – states can’t regulate RRs • ICC (1887) – federal govt. can regulate RRs; weak THE POLITICAL MOVEMENT STARTED BY THE GRANGERS WILL EVENTUALLY EVOLVE INTO THE POPULIST (PEOPLE’S) PARTY. • Mary Lease Document

17. The Populist Revolution (3) The Populist (People’s) Party: • Weaver and the 1892 Omaha Platform • free and unlimited coinage of silver (inflation) • direct election of senators • referendums • graduated income tax • government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and storage • one term president • 8 hour day • Results of Election of 1892 • Economic Struggles: Panic of 1893/Era of Big Strikes

18. The Election of 1896 (5/6)Crash Course #26 (8:41-13:18) Election of 1896 • Populist/Democrat Merger: William Jennings Bryan and the Cross of Gold (reading) • Republicans: McKinley and the Big Business Alliance • Election Results: • end of Populism • Significance of 3rd Parties: bring up ideas the other parties will adopt later on (income tax, govt. regulation, direct election, referendums) • urban dominance • modern America

19. The Wizard of Oz: Parable of Populism? Historical Issues • Eastern Factory Workers • Washington, DC • William Jennings Bryan • The Gold Standard • Weather • The American People • Gilded Age Presidents • Free and Unlimited Silver • Ounces of Metal • Western Farmers • Coxey’s Army • Eastern Industrialists • Plains Indians The Book • Scarecrow • Tinman • Wicked Witch of the East • The Wizard • Cowardly Lion • Dorothy • The Silver Shoes • Yellow Brick Road • Oz • Emerald City • Dorothy and Friends • Winged Monkeys • Wicked Witch of the West

20. Evaluate the extent to which economic conditions shaped the Populist Movement? • Break down question • Was it only economics? If yes, need two ways they shaped Populism. If no: • What were the other factors? Need to discuss one way economics shaped Populism and one other thing that shaped Populism. • Dot Jot • Context • Thesis • Body Paragraph A Examples (2) • Body Paragraph B Examples (2) • Conclusion/ Complexity

21. The Wizard of Oz: Parable of Populism? Eastern Factory Workers – Tinman (need a heart; have become part of the machine) Washington, DC – Emerald City (colored in green/$) William Jennings Bryan – Cowardly Lion (needs courage; talks a big game/does little in reality) The Gold Standard – Yellow Brick Road (leads to E. City) Weather – WW of the West (water kills the weather/witch) The American People – Dorothy (every person) Gilded Age Presidents – The Wizard (no real power) Free and Unlimited Silver – Silver Shoes (will fix everything) Ounces of Metal - Oz Western Farmers – Scarecrow (need a brain; moved to where it doesn’t rain and over-produced lowering prices) Coxey’s Army – Dorothy and Friends (both march to big city and are arrested on arrival) Eastern Industrialists/Bankers – WW of the East (controlling from a distance) Plains Indians – Winged Monkeys (harass Dorothy/farmers)

22. Western Farmers/Homesteaders Why did farmers move west? What problems did the farmers face? What did the farmers do in response to the problems they faced? How successful were the farmers actions?

23. Western Farmers/Homesteaders Why did farmers move west? What problems did the farmers face? What did the farmers do in response to the problems they faced? How successful were the farmers actions?

24. The Last West

25. Pacific Railway Act

26. Land Grants

27. Homestead Act

28. Homestead Act

29. Settlement of the West

30. Native American Policy in West

31. Sioux Wars / Results • Why War? • Homestead Act • Pacific Railway Act • Reservations • Sioux War • Little Big Horn • Wounded Knee • Nez Perce (2) • Outcomes? Why?

32. Chief Joseph / Nez Perce

33. Chief Joseph / Nez Perce

34. Buffalo Slaughter

35. Buffalo Slaughter

36. DAWES SEVERALTY ACT - 1887 Divided up tribal lands to assimilate or “Americanize” the Indians Native Americans would live on private property and farm as a path towards citizenship

37. Carlisle Indian School Attempted to “Americanize” Native Americans “kill the Indian, save the man” Acculturation/Assimilation – adopting cultural traits or social patterns of another group

38. Western Miners

39. Western Ranchers

40. 1896 Business Interests-60 cents of every $1,000 Spent in US financed the Campaign - Republicans outspent Democrats 5 to 1

41. Exodusters

42. Women’s Suffrage

43. Yellowstone - 1872

44. Yosemite - 1890

45. Hydraulic Gold Mining

46. John Muir – Sierra Club Sierra Club Mission: To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources; To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out these objectives.

48. Wheat Harvest

49. Free Silver • Farmers weren’t getting raises to keep up with the payment of debt, so they argued for increase coinage of silver. • In the 1890s, 32 ounces of silver was worth 1 ounce of gold even though the market values were different. • Populists demanded that 16 ounces of silver would be worth one once of gold. • This would double the value of silver. Unlimited coinage of silver would cause inflation helping people pay off debts. • More money in circulation=more money to farmers. Debts and mortgages get cheaper (costs are fixed) • They ignored the fact that the price of everything else would go up. • Bankers did not want to be paid in “cheap money.” Sets up conflict between debtors and creditors.