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University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering Department of Architecture

University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering Department of Architecture. Theories of Urban Design. By : Islam Alassar Amaal Khawaja wala’ zaiter. Supervision by : shereen Abd Rahman. Origins of Recent Urban Design Theory

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University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering Department of Architecture

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  1. University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering Department of Architecture Theories of Urban Design By : Islam Alassar Amaal Khawaja wala’ zaiter Supervision by : shereen Abd Rahman

  2. Origins of Recent Urban Design Theory Urban Planning was introduce to place a growing body of theory and practice in suitably general geographical context. Urban: was a description of what had become a culture and life style rather than a particular geographical territory. Urban Planning could comfortably accommodate city, town and suburb, no matter how these were administratively defined or physically constituted.

  3. Urban Renewal Theory – Basics Attempt to revitalize urban centers 1930s – 1970s, Championed by Robert Moses His view on urban planning: “Cities are for traffic.” Focused on economically depressed portions of cities, mainly in inner city slums Promoted the building of bridges, housing projects on large campuses, sometimes with open green spaces Segregation was socially and legally sanctioned Racial deed restrictions on housing

  4. Types of theories • Societal Theories of Urban Design • Formal Theories of Urban Design • Environmental Theories of Urban Design

  5. Societal Theories of Urban Design: The Garden City (Ebenezer Howard) The Contemporary City(Le Corbusier) Formal Theories of Urban Design CamilloSitte ( City Planning According to Artistic Principles) Aldo Rossi( Urban Artifacts (Architecture of the City)) Colin Rowe & Fred Koetter (Collage) Christopher Alexander Wholeness (A New Theory of Urban Design) Environmental Theories of Urban Design Allan Jacobs & Donald AppleyardLivable Streets (Towards an Urban Design Manifesto) Leon Krier ( Urban Quarters) Congress for the New Urbanism (Charter of the) New Urbanism

  6. Theory of change Provides an outcome-oriented framework for developing and assessing ideas. Examples: ‘We believe we can put 80% of suitable public land under food cultivation within 10 years by marrying garden design with edible planting and validate a new urban aesthetic and land use.’

  7. The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment • Traffic Management Options • Auto-restraint • Road-pricing • Mass Transit Options • Para-transit Options • Non-Transportation

  8. Urban Transportation Problems & Policy 1.Congestion • The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment • Traffic Management Options • Auto-restraint • Road-pricing 4. Mass Transit Options Para-transit Options Non-Transportation

  9. 1. Congestion: Carrying Capacity What happens when one congested link backs up another? Eventually we get… “GRIDLOCK” Travel Time over a Link “Free flow” Volume Traffic Volumes (# of vehicles)

  10. 2. The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment • Street networks must be built for peak period loads • But transportation/land use systems are dynamic • If you make it easier to travel, people will travel longer distances Congestion Build MoreCapacity

  11. 3. Traffic Management Options • Low cost “solutions” to improve efficiency of existing infrastructure • Suicide (Reversible) Lanes • Turn restrictions at intersections • One-way streets • Better signing, signalization • Traffic-light pacing systems • Stricter traffic enforcement • Delivery and truck bans • Ramp metering on freeways • Bus pullouts • ISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act • Charges MPOs with developing Transportation System Management (TSM) plans

  12. Traffic Management Options: Auto Restraint Policies • Different approach: Make auto travel harder, not easier → encourage use of alternative modes • Downtown strategies: • Eliminate parking • Mandate paid parking • Close off streets • Pleasant pedestrian environment may actually increase retail sales Göteborg, SwedenCBD Access Plan Ring Road for bypassing traffic

  13. Traffic Management Options: Auto-Restraint Policies • Neighborhood Strategies:Traffic “Calming” • Traffic islands • Frequent stop signs • One-way streets • One-lane streets • Bollards Berkeley, California: Bollard Slalom Arterial Street: Through Traffic Arterial Street: Through Traffic

  14. 4. Mass Transit Options • Three main types: • Buses • Rapid Rail Transit (RRT) • Light Rail Transit (LRT)

  15. 5. Para-transit Options • Hybrid modes between personal and mass transit • Door-to-door, demand-responsive • Examples • Taxis • Carpools • Van services • Dial-a-buses • PRT: Personal Rapid Transit “People Movers” A Philippines’ “Jeepney” (Wikipedia photo) ULTRa, Heathrow Airport, London (Wikipedia Photo)

  16. Non-Transportation Transportation Solutions • Alternative work schedules • Telecommuting; e-shopping • Better urban design

  17. The space theory

  18. Hope you have injoyed Thanks

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