Exploration and Science Revolution

1. Enduring Understandings • Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. • A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements • Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. • Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another. Warm-up – log on to mrksmodernworld and go to quiz page and take the religions quiz. Finish Snapshot for Reformation Identify 3 new ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation that challenged the existing order and then breifly explain the impact each has had on the world today. Complete a Snapshot for Exploration – Just causes, ideas and results Complete a Snapshot for Scientific Revolution Explain how the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Exploration connects together to Illustrate EUs 2, 3 and 4 Exploration and Science Revolution Renaissance Reformation Science

2. Enduring Understandings • Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. • A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements • Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. • Essential Question • Explain how the Reformation resulted from and expanded on the radical new idea of the individual “I” and then affected European politics and science. • Activity • Use your notes and homework to complete a Revolution/War Snapshot Reformation Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution

3. The RFORMATION The Reformation 1517-1648

4. CAUSES Short-Term Long-Term • Corruption in all levels of the church • Poor education of clergy • Clergy up to pope focused on worldly pursuits rather than just religion • Resistance to taxation by the newly secular merchant class and aristocracy • An attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic Church • Teaching and sales of indulgences • Sparked when Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses

5. REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS • Individuals can have a personal relationship with God – they don’t need priests • VERNACULAR prayers, services and bible (Guttenberg’s printing press helps) • No holy relics and churches have a lot less hierarchy

6. IMPORTANT… People Dates/Events • 1455: Gutenberg Bible published • 1517 Luther’s 95 Theses • 1532: King Henry VIII creates Anglicanism • Wars of Religion 1524-1648 Martin Luther King Henry VIII John Calvin John Knox (Presbyterianism)

7. IMPORTANT… Political/Social/ Economic Changes Literature/Art/Music • 95 Theses • some prohibitions of music • Shakespeare Personal God Vernacular religious language Questioning traditional institutions

9. RESULTS Short-Term Long-Term • New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin • Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion • Break up of parts of HRE Luther is tried, convicted, excommunicated, and the HRE issues the Edict of Worms German Princes break from HRE German Peasant Revolt Led to series of religious wars Catholic Church Counter-Reformation Published laws, maps, social codes, BIBLES

10. Reformation spreads • Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt against abuse and corruption in their churches and the princes who were connected to the church. • Luther does not support the peasants – is appalled at their attempt to change the social order • Princes massacre the peasants, with Luther’s blessing – 100,000 killed

11. Layout of European Christendom Counter reformation

12. Reformation • Martin Luther • Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door of All Saint’s Church (maybe not) • Theses criticized Catholic Church and Pope but concentrated on: • Selling of indulgences • Doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, devotion to Mary and the saints, most of the sacraments, & clerical celibacy • Several reformists followed his lead with help of the printing press • Figure 1: The guy we’re talking about • Figure 2: Not the guy we’re talking about

15. Reformation • Reformation Outside Germany • Henry VIII (England) • Henry VIII desire for a male heir and divorce prompted the creation of Church of England • Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced female heir (Mary I) • Religious changes slower in England than elsewhere middle way between Roman Catholic Church & Protestant Traditions Henry VII: Six wives whom he beheaded!

16. Reformation • Reformation Outside of Germany • Elizabeth I (England) • Supported establishment of Protestant English Church • Governed on consensus (agreement) • Reign became known as the Elizabethan Era “Virgin” Queen

17. Reformation • Reformation Outside Germany • John Calvin and Calvinism (Switzerland) • French theologian that believed people were always combating evil and religion was guidance to fight one’s tendency toward sin • Other beliefs include: • Theocracy—elect those God has chosen for salvation • Predestination/Predetermined Salvation—”God adopts some to the hope of life and adjudges others to eternal death”

18. Reformation • Reformation Outside Germany • John Knox and Presbyterianism (Scotland) • Modified Calvin’s theocracy • Beliefs include: • Sovereignty of God • Authority of scriptures • Importance of grace through faith in Christ • Presbyterianism becomes national religion of Scotland

19. The Catholic Counter-Reformation – The Council of Trent (1545-1563 • Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some church reforms like building schools, gaining new converts and fighting against protestants • At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined Church teachings and opposed protestants in the areas of: • Scripture and Tradition • Original Sin, Justification, • Sacraments, • the Eucharist in Holy Mass and • the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church doctrine

23. Results of Reformation • Effects of Reformation • Led to series of religious wars that culminated (ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Peace of Westphalia • New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin • Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion

24. Social results of Renaissance and reformation

25. Enduring Understandings • Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. • A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements • Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas • Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another. • Essential Question • 8. How does the era of exploration reflect the above Enduring Understandings (EUs) numbers 3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas and 4. Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another • Activity • Complete Just the causes, ideas and results of a snapshot for exploration • Review your homework question with your group Exploration Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution

26. Beginning of the Modern World • “Modern” Globalization • Phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange in 19th century • Columbian Exchange- widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (slaves), communicable diseases and ideas between Eastern and Western hemispheres

27. Why explore? • Exploration occurred for three basic reasons • Trade – seeking wealth in competition with other countries • Based on the idea of mercantilism – the power of a country is based on its wealth and the way to achieving wealth for a country is to get gold and silver and to have a trade surplus • Spread Christianity • Technological advancements made it possible.

28. Revolutionary ideas • The world is round • People can sail outside of the sight of land for long periods of time and not die • The wealth of a kingdom can be increased through trade and colonization for resources

29. Who explored? • Spain • Portugal • England • Netherlands (the Dutch)

30. Who did it? Who did it?

31. Results of exploration? • Major global empires for the 4 big exploring countries • Beginning of colonization • African slave trade and all of its negative consequences • Exploitation and mass killings of natives in the colonies • Exportation of European ideas including religion • Great wealth – Spain and Portugal from gold, England and the Dutch through trade

32. Enduring Understandings • Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. • A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements • Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas • Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another. • Essential Question • 8. What were the major scientific discoveries of the scientific revolution? How do they affect us today? • Activity • Complete a snapshot for scientific revolution • Review your homework question with your group Scientific revolution Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution

33. Revolutionary Thinking • The Renaissance and Reformation inspired people to challenge the accepted scientific views of ancient thinkers and the church • Geocentric theory widely accepted prior to this period

34. Scientific Revolution • What was the Scientific Revolution? • Scholars/scientists questioned accepted ideas about nature, earth and the universe • Old Science v. New Science • Old Science based on religion and belief • NEW SCIENCE based on math, logic, reason, observation and data • Inductive reasoning – observing and understanding specific facts to develop a general theory

36. Scientific Revolution • Influences • Renaissance • Education of the Classics • Secularism • Criticisms of the Catholic Church • Exploration • Drive to better understand tides, weather, winds, currents, • Foreign technology-astrolabe

37. Scientific Revolution • New Discoveries • Heliocentric Theory –sun-centered universe • Advancements in Medicine—vaccinations • Scientific Instruments • Microscope • Telescope • Law of Gravity • Chemistry • biology

38. Scientific Revolution • Theories on the Universe • 2nd C. AD- Ptolemy recorded the earth was the center of the universe—Geocentric Theory

39. Scientific Revolution • Theories of the Universe • 1548-Nicholas Copernicus challenges Ptolemy’s geocentric theory and proves the Heliocentric Theory

40. Scientific Revolution • Theories of the Universe • Johannes Kepler (1600s)—takes the Heliocentric Theory and perfects it with the Laws of Planetary Motion • One law states that the planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits not circular orbits

41. Scientific Revolution • Francis Bacon urged scientists to draw conclusions of the world based on their own observations • Rene Descartes believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason “I think, therefore I am.” • Newton explains law of gravity through scientific method • Boyle describes the relationship between volume, pressure and temperature

42. Importance • This so-called revolution was important because scientists use these approaches today – it is from scientific reasoning that our lives are longer, healthier and filled with so much useful technological developments • Influenced others to study all aspects of society—government, religion, economics, education, etc.

43. Enduring Understandings • Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. • A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements • Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas • Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures to interact, exchange and conflict with one another. Activity Explain how the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Exploration connects together to Illustrate EUs 2, 3 and 4 by Draw a flow chart that shows the causal relationship between the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the enlightenment – or - Write a brief paragraph explaining the causal relationship between the renaissance, reformation, exploration and scientific revolution – or – With a partner draw a cartoon that shows a discussion between several of the major players during the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Scientific Revolution Day 5 – Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Scientific Revolution