Animal and Plant Systems and Ecology

1. Animal and Plant Systems and Ecology Mary Susan Mardon

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells • Prokaryotic Cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.

3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Cytoskeleton Flagellum Mitochondria Centrioles Nucleus Cell Membrane Cilia Lysosome Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus

4. Plant Cell • Plant Cells have Cell Walls • Have Plastids (three types) • Chloroplast • Leukoplast • Chromoplast • Have large vacuoles • Lack Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella • Rectangular

6. Animal Cell • Have Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia • Lack Cell Wall • Round

8. Specialized Animal Cells • Three types of Blood Cells • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Thrombocytes (platelets)

9. Specialized Animal Cells • Muscle Tissue • Skeletal-voluntary • Smooth-involuntary • Cardiac-involuntary

10. Structure of a Muscle Cell Sarcolemma Myofibrils A Band I Band Z Band Mitochondria Nucleus

11. Specialized Animal Cells • Epithelial Cells • Simple Squamous • Simple Cuboidal • Simple Columnar

12. Specialized Animal Cells • Bone Tissue • Cartilage

13. Hinge Joint

14. Ball and Socket Joint

15. Immovable Joint

16. Nerve Cell

17. Specialized Plant Systems • Plant Root Zone

18. Vascular Plants • Have three different types of cells • Epidermal • Ground • Vascular

19. Epidermal Cell Epidermal Cell

20. Ground Tissue • Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls makes it tough and strong. • Collenchyma: have strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger plants.

21. Ground Tissue • Parenchyma: are large similar cells that can be used to store nutrients

22. Vascular tissue Phloem—vascular cells that transport nutrients within the plant. Xylem—vascular cells that transport water within the plant

23. Stems • Provides support for the plant • Transports nutrients from the roots to the leaves • Waterproof covering made of epidermal cells and wax (cuticle) • Some woody stems have cells called cork which provide protection and prevent water loss

25. Leaves • Cuticle—waxy covering on the leaf • Trichomes—specialized hairs on the outside of the cuticle • Guard cells-form openings for the stoma • Stoma—regulate gas exchange with the environment

27. Plant Systems • Vascular plants have specialized tissues used for transport • Flowering plants, ferns, trees, shrubs, conifers • Generally very large in size • Nonvascular plants lack transport tissues • Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, green algae • Most rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients and water

28. Plant Systems continued… • Phloem Tissue • Carry nutrients made by the plant from the leaves to the stems or roots • Phloem tissue is composed of parenchyma cells, sieve tube cells, and companion cells

29. Flowers • Contain the reproductive parts of the plant • Pollen is the male gamete is produced on the stamen the male reproductive organ • Ovary is the female gamete and located at the bottom of the style (meiosis) • Pistil is the female reproductive organ • Anther produces the pollen (meiosis) • Pollen grains stick to the stigma (top of pistil)

30. Flowers continued… • Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where fertilization occurs in the ovule • Self-pollination occurs when pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower • Cross-pollination occurs when pollen of one flower is deposited on other flowers (wind, insects, birds)

31. Structure of a Flower

32. Plants and Light • White light made up of all the colors of light • ROY G. BIV • Reflected light bounce off the leaf’s surface and color is perceived

33. Plants and Light Continued… • Plants contain two main pigments • Chlorophyll a absorption peaks at 665 and 465 nm • Chlorophyll b absorption peaks at 450 to 500 and 600-650 nm 3. Wavelengths 500-600 nm are not absorbed by either pigment---reflecting green

35. Plants and Light Continued… • Chromoplasts contain yellow, red, orange , blue pigment • Chromoplasts are found in flowers and fruits,

36. Photosynthesis and Respiration • Photosynthesis is the chemical process plants use to trap energy. • Two stages • Light-dependent reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast • Light-independent reaction (carbon fixation) uses ATP carbon and NADPH to form glucose

37. Photosynthesis and Respiration Continued… • External factors which affect the chemical reaction include • temperature • light intensity • pH

38. Cell Respiration • Cell respiration is the process of breaking down molecules of glucose to release energy. • Two types of respiration • aerobic—oxygen is required • anaerobic—other gases are utilized • Three phases of cellular respiration • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain

40. Biological Classification • Taxonomy is the classification of an organism based on factors such as structure, behavior, lifestyle, genetic make-up, nutritional needs, and methods of obtaining food.

41. History of Taxonomy • Aristotle (384-322 BC) used two categories to classify plants and animals • Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish botanist developed a system called binomial nomenclature to classify organisms • Genus species-----Homo sapien • Binomial name is written in Latin

42. Taxonomic Categories • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

43. Kingdoms • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista • Eubacteria • Archaea bacteria

45. Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic factors include all living organisms • Flowers, insects, mammals, sponges • Organisms must obtain and store energy from abiotic factors • Abiotic factors include all non-living components • Water, soil, temperature, light • Determine the size of an ecosystem

50. Population Growth Patterns • Population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area • Population dynamics include characteristics of populations such as growth rate, density, and distribution of a population • Growth rate of a population is the change in population size per unit time.