Unit 10

1. Unit 10 Express judgement and attitude

2. OBJECTIVES • Learn how to express possibility and obligation. • Learn how to express request and instruction. • Learn how to express judgment and attitude.

3. COMPREHENSION 1. In what way should the TV industry assume its sense of responsibility? TV industry regulate the material what TV violence that it puts out. 2. What is the author’s attitude towards young people being disturbed by the violent scenes shown on our television screens? Don’t have to accept violence in our living rooms and help the younger generations realize that violence is not the same as bravery and heroism.

4. 3.What is the “bottom line” of TV show according to the author? People ought not to present violence on television as part of entertainment 4.What attitude does the consider to be “no longer acceptable”?’ The people may have to do something about TV violence.

5. GRAMMER

6. 一、情态动词概述 情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态，如：需要、可能、愿望和怀疑等，有一定的词义，但不完整，必须和主要动词的原形一起构成谓语，常见的谓语动词有： can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, shall, will, should, would, be able to 及半情态动词be to do, had better, have to.

7. 二、情态动词的特征 （一）情态动词有一定的词义，但不完整，不能单独做谓语，他们和实义动词或联系 动词连用，构成谓语，如： She may be the older of the two girls. 她可能是这两个女孩中较大的一个。 （二）情态动词除have to外没有人称和数的变化。如主语是第三人称单数时，要用has to,如：

8. We (He) must work hard. 我们（他)一定要努力工作。 I have to walk home. 我得步行回家。 (三）有些情态动词没有过去式，如：must； 有些有过去式，如: can—could may—might shall—should will—would need—needed have to—had to

9. （四）情态动词后街动词原形，即不带to的不 定式（ought to, have to, used to本身带有to）， 如： He may lose the way. 他可能迷路。 You ought to obey the law. 你要遵守法律。

10. （五）情态动词的否定形式的缩略形式

12. 三、 情态动词的区别 Word Tool Box can can’t could couldn’t is able to will be able to was able to （一）can和be able to都可以表示“有能力做（某事）”。有时也可以 通用，有时又有区别。

13. （二）can, could, may, might可以 表示可能性。 Word Tool Box can may could might could have done might have done would have done

14. （三）情态动词可以用于表达“推测”， “推断”。 Word Tool Box You must be tired after the long journey. That can’t be Kenny. He is in English now. It must have rained last night. The ground is so wet. It couldn’t have rained last night. Who can it be at the door?

15. （四）情态动词可用于得体地询问 别人的意见或征得别人的同意。 Word Tool Box Can I use your …? You can use my … if you like. May I come in？ Could you please …？ Will you …? Would you like …? Shall we go now? Should I …?

16. 四、情态动词的用法 （一） can, could 1. 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 如： Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能） 此时可用be able to代替。can只有一般现在 时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。I’ll not be able to come this afternoon. 当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用can。如：

17. He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2. 表示请求和允许。 — Can I go now? — Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。— Could I come to see you tomorrow? — Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )

18. 3. 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。 如: They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4. 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度）， 用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。如：Can this be true? This can’t be done by him. How can this be true?

19. （二）might, can, could都可以表示可能性，但它们在表示可能性大小或与其轻重方面是有差异的。 Word Tool Box might could can do may do

20. 1. may, might表示请求和允许。might比 may语气 更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。 — Might/ May I smoke in this room? — No, you mustn’t. — May/Might I take this book out of the room? — Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. ) 用May I...？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气， 而用Can I...？在口语中更常见。

21. 2. 用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May you succeed! 3. 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。 might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 E.g: He may /might be very busy now. Your mother may /might not know the truth.

22. 五、从“建议”到“应该”到“必须”，还有更丰富的表达方式。五、从“建议”到“应该”到“必须”，还有更丰富的表达方式。 Word Tool Box must do have to do ought to do should should have done shouldn’t have done there is a need to do NP need doing be necessary for sb. to do

23. （一）shall, should 1. shall用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening? 2. shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的 命令、警告、允诺或威胁。(1) You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告) (2) He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) (3) He shall be punished.(威胁)

24. （二）will, would 1. 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。如: Will / Would you pass me the ball, please? 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如: I will never do that again. They asked him if he would go abroad. 3. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 would表示过去习惯时比usedto正式，且没有 “现已无此习惯”的含义。 如: During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.

25. The wound would not heal. 4. 表示估计和猜想。It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.

26. 六、must和haveto都可以表示“必须”，有时可以替换，有时略 有区别。 Word Tool Box must do had to do have (got) to do has (got) to do will have to do have no choice but to do

27. 七、表示“不必”常用needn’t或don’thaveto. Word Tool Box don’t have to needn’t do don’t need to do no need to do

28. 八、“必须”与“不必”是两个不同的概念，相应地，英语情态动词亦有不同的表达形式。八、“必须”与“不必”是两个不同的概念，相应地，英语情态动词亦有不同的表达形式。 Word Tool Box must do have (got) to do has (got) to do had to do will have to do don’t have to do needn’t do don’t need to do no need to do

29. （一）must, have to 1. must是说话人的主观看法， 而haveto则强调客观 需要。must只有一般现在时， haveto有更多的 时态形式。如： His play isn’t interesting, I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. 2. 表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）如： You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. Your mother must be waiting for you now.

30. （二）should, ought to 1. should, oughtto表示“应该”，oughtto表示义务 或责任，比should语气重。如: I should help her because she is in trouble. You ought to take care of the baby. 2. 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, oughtto可通 用，但在疑问句中常用should。 如: You should / ought to go to class right away. Should I open the window?

31. EXERCISE 1. Has it been warned that all the children in this area _____ stay at their homes until the Bird Flu has been controlled?A. canB. willC. mayD. shall [解析] shall可以表示要求、命令等。

32. 2. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _____ report it the police? A. shouldB. may C. willD. can 解析：should表示“应该”。 Are you right?

33. 3. Some aspects of a pilot’s job _____ be boring, and pilots often _____ work at inconvenient hours. A. can; have toB. may; can C. have to; mayD. ought to; must 解析：have to表示“不得不”。

34. 4. I talked for a long time, and in the end I _____ make him believe me. A. was able toB. could C. mayD. might 解析：A. be able to强调在特定情况下做成某事。

35. 5. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour?A. MustB. CanC. MayD. Need 解析：A. must可以表责怪的语气，翻译成“非要……么？”

36. 高考链接 1. But for the help of my English teacher, I＿the first  prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win    B. would not have won    C. would win     D. would have won 【答案】B 虚拟语气。此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构，故选B。

37. 2. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.（NMET2008山东） A. can manage B. could have managedC. could manage D. can have managed 【答案】B 根据题干中所给出的时间last week可知我们已经做完了工作，已经完成，故排除A、C两项，再结合could have done表示虚拟语气以及与前面的I don’t think…，故说话者想表达的意思是：离开了你，我们本不可能完成这项工作。

38. 3. —It’s the office! So you ____ know eating   is not allowed here.— Oh, sorry. （09湖南） A. must  B. will  C. may  D. need 【答案】A 句意为：这是办公室！因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。

39. 4. The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we____ go to work tomorrow. （NMET2007上海春） A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t 【答案】C老板给所有的员工放了假，所以我们明天不必再去上班。

40. 5. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise, he ________ a goal.（NMET2001上海春） 　　 A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored 【答案】D句中otherwise为含蓄条件，相当于if he had not hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，这是对过去的一种虚拟假设。

41.   6. What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ________ better. （NMET2008江西） A. need have done B. must have done C. can have done D. might have done 【答案】D真是可惜！考虑到他的能力和经验，他本来 可以做得更好的。