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Question 19

Question 19. Question 1 Senate and Optimates /4 Militeray reform /4 Military commander and Populares /4 Structure + content /5 Language /3 Total /20. Question 2 Land /6 Citizenship /6 Structure and content /5 Language /3 Total /20.

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Question 19

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  1. Question 19 Question 1 Senate and Optimates /4 Militeray reform /4 Military commander and Populares /4 Structure + content /5 Language /3 Total /20 Question 2 Land /6 Citizenship /6 Structure and content /5 Language /3 Total /20

  2. The Age of Augustus(44 BC – 14 AD) CLAB06H3, Week 6 Feb. 11, 2009

  3. Outline • Sources • The Year after Caesar’s Death (44-43 BC) • The Second Triumvirate and its Aftermaths (43-30 BC) • Octavian-Augustus’ Reign (30 BC – 14 AD)

  4. 1. Sources

  5. 1. Sources • Literary • Cicero • Appian’s Civil War • Suetonius (Augustus, Tiberius) • Plutarch’s Life of Antony • Cassius Dio’s History

  6. 1. Sources • Papyrological (Egypt) • Epigraphical • Augustus’ Res gestae • Monumental inscriptions • Funerary stelae • Archaeological • Iconographical

  7. 2. The Year after Caesar’s Death (44-43 BC)

  8. 2. The Year after Caesar’s Death (44-43 BC) • Mar. 15: Caesar’s murder • Mar. 17: Antony’s compromise • No action against the murderers • No reversal of Caesar’s measures

  9. 2. The Year after Caesar’s Death (44-43 BC) Caesar’s public funerals Massive outcry against the assassins Mid-April: Brutus and Cassius away from Rome August: Governors of Crete + Cyrene Cleopatra and Caesarion back to Egypt

  10. Caesar’s Will • Roman people • Extensive property • 300 sesterces per individual • Gaius Octavius (Octavian) • Sole heir • Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

  11. Caesar’s Will • Roman people • Extensive property • 300 sesterces per individual • Gaius Octavius (Octavian) • Sole heir • Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Antony vs Octavian

  12. Octavian • Born Sept. 63 BC • Son of Caesar’s niece Atia + Gaius Octavius (novus homo) • 45: With Caesar in Spain • 44: Studies in Apollonia (Illyricum) • Back to Rome

  13. Marc Antony • Born 83 BC son of M. Antonius (equites) • 57-54: Cavalry commander in Palestine + Egypt • 53-50: With Caesar in Gaul • 51: Quaestor • 49: Tribune of the plebs • 44: Consuls

  14. Lepidus • 49: Quaestor, supports Caesar • 46: Consul • 46-44: Magister equitum • 44: Supports Antony • Pontifex Maximus

  15. 44-43 BC • Spring 44: Lepidus in Gaul and Nearer Spain • Vs Sextus Pompey • Nov. 44: Antony towards Cisalpine Gaul • Besieges Mutina

  16. 44-43 BC • Jan 43: Anti-Antony campaign (Cicero) • Philippics • 2 pro-senate consuls • Octavian propraetor + place in the Senate

  17. Antony and Octavian • April 43: • Antony’s defeat at Mutina + alliance with Lepidus • Octavian hailed as imperator

  18. Antony and Octavian • August 43: • Octavian consul (19 yrs old) • Secures rewards for his veterans • Caesar’s assassins + Sextus Pompey condemned + outlawed

  19. 3. The Second Triumvirate and its Aftermath (43-30 BC)

  20. 3. The Second Triumvirate (43-30 BC) Private meeting in Bononia Triumviri reipublicae constituendae = Triumvirs for the restoration of the State

  21. 3. The Second Triumvirate (43-30 BC) • Legalized settlement: • Authority to make laws without reference to Senate or people • Juridiction without appeal • Authority to name all magistrates • Antony + Octavian = 20 legions each • Division of the Roman World (West)

  22. Wars a. Caesaricides (42) b. Perusine War (41-40) c. Sextus Pompey (39-36) d. Antony vs Octavian (36-30)

  23. a. War against the Cesaricides Need for money (soldiers) ?

  24. a. War against the Cesaricides Need for money (soldiers) Confiscations (18 towns) + Proscriptions

  25. a. War against the Cesaricides Need for money (soldiers) Confiscations (18 towns) + Proscriptions Political cleansing

  26. Battle of Philippi (42) Brutus + Cassius + 100,000 vs Antony + Octavian + 100,000

  27. Battle of Philippi (42) Brutus + Cassius + 100,000 vs Antony + Octavian + 100,000 End of the Republican cause

  28. After Philippi • Octavian: Italy • Veterans’ discharge • More confiscations • Sextus’ blockades Rome’s supply • Antony: East • Cleopatra Misery + Famine + violence in Italy

  29. b. Perusine War (41-40 BC) Why? Discontent against Octavian (confiscations) Who? Antonius (consul) + Fulvia vs Octavian Where? Perusa Outcome? Octavian’s victory (spring)

  30. b. Perusine War (41-40 BC)

  31. Brundisium Agreement (40 BC) • Summer: • End of Anthony’s govenorship • Octavian takes Gaul + Spain

  32. Brundisium Agreement (40 BC) • September: Octavian + Antony meet at Brundisium • Antony marries Octavia • Territorial agreement • Octavian = West • Antony: East • Lepidus: Africa

  33. b. War against Sextus Pompey (39-36) • Summer 39: Agreement (Misenum) • Sextus: Corsica + Sardinia + Peloponese for 5 years • Fall 39: Octavian divorces • 38: Sextus’ victories at Cumae + Messina

  34. b. War against Sextus Pompey (39-36) • 37: Triumvirate renewed (Tarentum) • Antony’s help (120 warships) • 36: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa’s victory • Naulochus (N Sicily) • 35: Sextus killed in Asia Minor

  35. Octavian vs Lepidus • Lepidus wants Sextus’ land forces • Octavian gains the recongnition of Lepidus’ troop

  36. Octavian vs Lepidus • Lepidus wantsSextus’ land forces • Octavian gains the recongnition of Lepidus’ troop Naulochus = turning point Sextus+ Lepidus

  37. Octavian vs Lepidus • Lepidus wantsSextus’ land forces • Octavian gains the recongnition of Lepidus’ troop Naulochus = turning point Sextus+ Lepidus Antony vs Octavian

  38. Antony in the East (42-30) • 41: Tarsus (Cleopatra VII) • 40: Parthian invasion of Syria + Asia Minor • 40-39: Marries Octavia • Spring 37: Tarentum = renewal of the triumvirate

  39. Antony in the East (42-30) • 37: Syria with Cleopatra • 36: Counterattack against Parthia • Defeat • Important losses • 35-34: Subdues Armenia • Octavian embarassing plan

  40. d. Antony vs Octavian • 34: Donation of Alexandria • 33: Antony and Cleopatra in Greece • 32: Antony divorces Octavia

  41. d. Antony vs Octavian • 32: Octavian’s propaganda • Cleopatra declared an enemy of Rome • Exhibition of Antony’s will • Oath of loyalty • 31: Actium battle

  42. What was the issue of the Actium Battle? • Octavian won • Antony and Cleopatra won • Cleopatra switched side and helped Octavian win • All sank • Actually, this battle never happened

  43. Augustus’ Reign (30 BC – 14 AD)

  44. Octavian-Augustus(30 BC – 14 AD) • Octavian and the Republic • Military reform • Provincial + external policies • Urbanism • Literature • Augustus’ succession

  45. How did Augustus manage to keep the power for so long? • He killed all potential opponents • He imposed himself as a king • He used the army to strengthen his power • He used the traditional institutions of the Republic • He abolished all old institutions and created new political rules

  46. a. Octavian and the Republic Basis of Octavian’s strategy to exert + keep power = Use of traditional Republican institutions

  47. a. Octavian and the Republic Basis of Octavian’s strategy to exert + keep power = Use of traditional Republican institutions X dynastic or divinely-based power X military based power

  48. The first Years • 30: Still rules as triumvir • 31-23: Consul every year • 28: Agrippa and him coequal consuls • Jan. 27: Hands back all his authority to the Roman people but…

  49. The First Settlement • Octavian: • Consul of Spain, Gaul, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt for 10 yrs • Legati • Named Augustus, ‘revered’

  50. The First Settlement (27 BC) • Octavian: • Consul of Spain, Gaul, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt for 10 yrs • Legati • Named Augustus, ‘revered’ Restoration of the Republic + Octavian-Augustus turns away from his violent past

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