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Assembly Language Lecture on Multiplication, Division, and Branches

Learn how to perform multiplication, division, and work with branches in assembly language programming. Understand unsigned and signed multiplication, simple examples, accessing arrays, unsigned division, rounding, and different types of jumps. Improve your assembly language programming skills with this comprehensive lecture.

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Assembly Language Lecture on Multiplication, Division, and Branches

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  1. Lecture 5 Multiplication, Division and Branches Dr. Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos CSL/UIUC

  2. Outline • Where are we • Multiplication • Division • Comparison • Jump instructions

  3. By now you should be able to… • Move data between registers and memory • Address memory in 17 ways • Use logic and shifting operations to • Apply bit masks • Multiple with sums of powers of two • Divide by powers of two • Use addition and subtraction with both signed and unsigned numbers • Organize simple programs

  4. Unsigned Multiplication • MUL X, where X can be register or memory location • Poor choice of the architects because they ran out of opcodes… • Second argument is implicit, it is stored in • AL if X is 8-bit number • AX if X is 16-bit number • EAX if X is 32-bit number • Result stored in • AX if arguments are 8-bit • DX:AX if arguments are 16-bit • EDX:EAX if arguments are 32-bit

  5. The mess with flags • The values of A,S,Z,P are undefined after multiplication • This means that you cannot check the Z flag to see if the result is 0! • You have to compare the result with the value 0 using a CMP instruction • The C and O flags are cleared if the result fits in a half-size register

  6. Signed Multiplication • The architects tried to apologize for the inconvenience in 80286 and later processors • 2’s complement signed integers • IMUL reg/mem • IMUL reg, reg/mem • IMUL reg, immediate • IMUL reg, reg/mem, immediate data

  7. Signed Multiplication • IMUL X behaves like MUL • IMUL A, B computes A=A*B • IMUL A,B,C computes A=B*C • There is no 8-bit by 8-bit multiplication, last operand may be 8-bit • The instruction does not produce a 2n bit result so 16-bit by 16-bit produces as 16-bit number • When the result does not fit in half-sized register the instruction sets the C and O flags • What a mess…

  8. Simple Examples • IMUL BL ; AX=AL*BL, single operand like MUL • IMUL BX ; DX:AX=BX*AX, single operand like MUL • IMUL CX,DX,12h ; CX=DX*12h, result in 16-bit CX

  9. Use of MUL/IMUL • Accessing multidimensional arrays • Let A a NxM array of words with row-major ordering • A[I,J] is accessed as A+(I*M+J)*2 • Let a NxMxO array of words with row-major ordering • A[I,J,K] is accessed as A+((I*M+J)*O+K)*2 • It is convenient but it is slow

  10. Unsigned division • DIV X, X register or memory • Nominator is implicit, stored in AX if X 8-bit, DX:AX if X is 16-bit, EDX:EAX is X is 32-bit • If X 8-bit quotient is stored in AL and remainder in AH • If X 16-bit quotient is stored in AX and remainder in DX • If X 32-bit quotient in stored in EAX and remainder in EDX

  11. Dividing equally sized words • Use sign-extension of the nominator • Special instructions for sign extensions • CBW (Convert Byte to Word) • Before: AX=xxxx xxxx snnn nnnn • After: AX=ssss ssss snnn nnnn • CWD (Convert Word to Double Word) • Before AX=snnn nnnn nnnn nnnn • After DX=ssss ssss ssss ssss AX=snnn nnnn nnnn nnnn • CWDE • Similar to CWD but sign extends in EAX instead of DX

  12. Flags • Division just scrambles the flags • Division by 0 though produces an interrupt by the microprocessor (more on interrupts next week) • If the quotient does not fit in the register, this also produces an interrupt • E.g. 1000/2=500, argument (2) is 8-bit but quotient (500) does not fit in AL, there is a divide overflow and an interrupt is produced

  13. Rounding • We get rid of the remainder when we want to truncate the result • We can double the remainder, compare it to the denominator and then adjust the quotient • If (remainder*2) > denominator, increment quotient

  14. Unconditional Jumps • Transfer the control flow of the program to a specified instruction, other than the next instruction in sequential execution • Jumps are performed with labels pointing to the address of the target instruction • It is the equivalent of a goto statement • Goto is good in assembly!

  15. Unconditional jumps • Short jump • JMP SHORT label, where label is within –128/+127 bytes off the current instruction • Near jump • JMP label, where label is within –32,768/+32,767 bytes off the current instruction • Far jump • JMP label, where label is any memory address, in segment:offset format • In protected mode near and far jumps are the same

  16. Conditional Jumps • Jumps performed if a condition evaluates to true • Conditions are evaluated based on the values of the bits in the FLAGS register • Test S, Z, P, C, O • If condition is true the jump is performed to the location specified • If condition is false the code proceeds with the next instruction in sequence • Short or near jumps in 80386

  17. Comparisons • CMP A, B • Executes A-B without modifying A (non-destructive) • CMP is most of the time followed by a conditional jump based on the outcome of the comparison CMP AL, 10h ; If AL >= 10 jump JAE target • CMP is a non-destructive SUB, it sets the flags exactly like the SUB instruction

  18. Comparisons • Unsigned A,B • If (A<B), C=1 • If (A>B), C=0 • Z tested for equality/inequality • Signed A,B • If (S XOR O = = 1) A<B else A>B • Z tested for equality/inequality

  19. Signed comparisons • Case 1, Sign=1, Overflow=0 • A-B looks negative • There is no overflow, so A<B • Case 2, Sign=0, Overflow=1 • A-B looks positive • But there is overflow so the sign bit is wrong and A<B • Case 3, Sign=0, Overflow=0 • A-B looks positive • No overflow, so A>B • Case 4, Sign=1, Overflow=1 • A-B looks negative • But overflow bit is set so the sign flag is wrong therefore A>B

  20. Conditional Jumps • Syntax: JX, where X denotes the condition • J -> Jump • N -> Not • E -> Equal • A/B -> Above/Below for unsigned arithmetic • G/L -> Greater/Less for signed arithmetic

  21. Conditional jump instructions • JL, jump if less • Jumps if A<B, that is if S XOR O = 1 • JA, JNBE (above == not (below or equal)) • Jumps if C=0&Z=0 • JBE, JNA (below or equal == not above) • Jumps if Z=1 | C=1 • JAE, JNB, JNC (above or equal == not below==no carry) • C=0

  22. Conditional jump instructions • JB, JNA, JC (below == not above == carry set) • C=1 • JE, JZ (equal == result is 0) • Z=1 • JNE, JNZ (not equal == result is not 0) • Z=0 • JNS (sign, no sign) • S=0 • JO • O=1 • JS • S=1

  23. Conditional jump instructions • JNO • O=0 • JG, JNLE (greater==not (less or equal)) • S=0, Z=0 • JGE, JNL (greater or equal == not less) • S=0 • JL, JNGE (less == not (greater or equal)) • S XOR O = 1 • JLE, JNG (less or equal == not greater) • (S XOR O = 1) | Z=1 • JCXZ (counter register is 0), useful for loops

  24. Loops • LOOP label • Combination of CMP and JNZ • Decrement the CX register and if register has not become 0 jump to the specified label • If CX becomes 0 the instruction following the LOOP instruction is executed

  25. Example ADDS mov cx, 100 ;load count mov si, BLOCK1 mov di, BLOCK2 .Again lodsw ;get Block1 data ; AX = [SI]; SI = SI + 2 add AX, [ES:DI] ;add Block2 data stosw ;store in Block2 ; [DI] = AX; DI = DI + 2 loop .Again ;repeat 100 times ret

  26. mov ax, [a] mov bx, [b] cmp ax,bx ja .true ; false instructions jmp .done .true ; true instructions If (a>b) { /* true instructions */ } else { /* false instructions */ } If then else in assembly

  27. cmp al, ‘a’ jne .b ; these are the ‘a’ instructions jmp .done .b cmp al, ‘b’ jne .default ; these are the ‘b’ instructions .default ;default instructions .done switch (var) { case ‘a’: /* a instructions */ break; case ‘b’: /* b instructions */ break; default /* default instructions */ } Switch in assembly

  28. .begin ; instructions… mov ax, [a] mov bx, [b] cmp a,b je .begin do { /* instructions */ } while (a==b); Do while in assembly

  29. While do in assembly .begin mov ax, [a] mov bx, [b] cmp ax,bx jne .done ; instructions jmp begin .done while (a==b) { /* instructions */ };

  30. mov cx, 10 .begin ; instructions loop .begin for (i=10;i>0;i--) { /* instructions */ } For loop

  31. Examples ; if (J <= K) then ; L := L + 1 ; else L := L - 1 ; J, K, L are signed words mov ax, [J] cmp ax, [K] jnel .DoElse inc word [L] jmp .ifDone .DoElse: dec word [L] .ifDone: ; while (J >= K) do begin ; J := J - 1; ; K := K + 1; ; L := J * K; ; end; .WhlLoop: mov ax, [J] cmp ax, [K] jnge .QuitLoop dec word [J] inc word [K] mov ax, [J] imul [K] mov [L], ax jmp .WhlLoop .QuitLoop:

  32. Now you’re able to… • Finish HW1 • Do all the math and logic needed for MP1 • Only thing missing for MP1 is stacks, they will be covered in Lecture 6

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