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Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Equation: Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies in Populations

This article explores the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which describes the genetic equilibrium in populations where allele frequencies remain constant over generations. It highlights the significance of gene pools—the collective alleles present within a population—and emphasizes factors that maintain this equilibrium, such as random mating, lack of mutation, large population size, and absence of natural selection and gene flow. We also discuss the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p² + 2pq + q² = 1) that predicts genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies, providing insights into the genetic makeup of populations.

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Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Equation: Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies in Populations

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  1. Hardy-weinberg23.2 Amy Watkins Andrea Ratti Natalie Saint

  2. Gene pools and allele frequencies • Population • A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area and interbreed. • Some populations are isolated from each other therefore hardly exchange genetic material. • Ex. Animals that live on separated islands or lakes. • However members of a population still breed with each other making them more closely related. • Gene Pool • Characterizing a populations genetic makeup by taking all of the alleles for all loci from all the individuals of a population. • Only one allele for a locus is said to be fixed in gene pool. This makes all of the individuals homozygous for the allele. • Two or more alleles for one locus then the individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous for the allele.

  3. Hardy-weinberg principle • The gene pool of a population that is not evolving. • This principal states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant through generations. • Only Mendalian segregation and recombination of alleles influence the population. • Because it is remaining constant it is considered at equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) • Instead of focusing on one genetic cross the focus is on the combination of alleles for all genetic crosses in a population. • Alleles are selected at random from the whole population, which is based on the fact that mating is random and all male-female mating's are equally possible.

  4. Hardy-weinberg equation • p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 • p = the expected frequency of genotype 1 (homozygous) • pq = the expected frequency of genotype 2 (heterozygous) • q = the expected frequency of genotype 3 (homozygous) • For a locus with two alleles only three genotypes are possible • The sum of the frequencies of the three genotypes must equal one (100%) for any population, regardless if it is in equilibrium.

  5. Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg • 1) No mutations • 2) Random mating • 3) No natural selection • 4) Extremely large population • 5) No gene flow (allele moving in or out)

  6. Applying

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