Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech

2. 1. Nouns A noun is a name; nouns name persons, animals, places, things, collections or groups of persons or things, qualities, conditions, actions, processes, and ideas. Examples: Persons- cousins, boy, teacher, Joan, neighbor, Coach Wooden Animal- Lion, monkey, crocodile Places- village, Canada, drug store, Broadway Things- camera, pen, window, crown Collections or groups- chorus, legislature, family, team, class Qualities, conditions, actions, processes, and ideas- courage, happiness, study, lightning, morality, honesty.

3. Nouns cont�d. A noun, like Winter Park High School or Maitland Middle School, is considered one noun. This applies also to Aunt Helen, George Washington, and Grandma Jones.

5. Nouns cont�d CLUES FOR NOUNS: Most nouns have a plural form, usually ending in s or es. Friend-friends, apples-apples, eagle-eagles, glass-glasses. Most nouns make a sensible pattern with is, are or some other verb. For example: friend is, apples are, faith is, windows are, glasses break Remember the signal words: a, an, and the. Although some books call them articles or determiners, nouns also have adjectives, and adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns. When you spot a, an, or the in a sentence, there will be a noun (sometimes a pronoun) somewhere after it.

6. Exercise: Identify the nouns Mr. Boardman and his daughter love to play games on the porch.

7. 2. Pronouns A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. EX.: �Mother, will Mother take Linda, Robert, and Kay for a ride in Mother�s car?� You us your Linda, Robert, and Kay saw mother drive mother�s car by Linda, Robert, and Kay�s school. We you your our

8. Personal Pronouns First person pronouns refer to the speaker(s): I, me my, mine, we us our, ours Second person pronouns refer to the person spoken to: you, your, yours Third person pronouns refer to the person or thing spoken about: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.

9. Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns Reflexive (compound personal pronouns) or Intensive pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves. Please note: Never say hisself, or themself or theirselves. Second note: Do not use a reflexive pronoun as a subject: Himself go to the store.

10. Relative or Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative or relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, what. Sometimes these ask questions (Interrogative) � who, whom, which, what, etc. Sometimes they introduce adjective clauses (Relative) � that, which, who, whom, whose, etc.

11. Indefinite Pronouns Examples of Indefinite Pronouns: anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, etc. Few, all, each some, etc. (When used alone, these words function as pronouns/nouns. When used with a noun, they function as adjectives.)

12. Reciprocal Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns include: this, that, these, those, etc. One another, each other, etc.

13. Exercise: Identify the pronouns My girls, who love to dance with their Nani, are at their uncle�s wedding. Nani is teaching them to dance by themselves.

14. 3. Adjectives A word that modifies (changes or describes) a noun or a pronoun. An adjective usually answers one of these questions: What kind of? Which one? How many? How much? Examples: What kind of? The bionic woman has super ears. Which one? This girl does not have normal strength. How Many? Three policemen are needed to restrain him. How much? She acquired more strength from a special operation.

15. Adjectives cont�d. Most adjectives fit into one of three sentence patterns: Normal position (before the noun) Three tiny kittens followed us home. Predicate position (after a linking verb) the clerk was Friendly. Appositive position (after the noun) Elton John, flashy and smiling, sang.

16. Adjectives cont�d. A, An, and The are classified as adjectives (they are known as Articles). �The� is a definite article. �A� and �an� are indefinite articles.

17. Exercise: Identify the Adjectives The little girl, happy and excited, is learning to ride on the brown horse. The horse�s name happens to be Hannah. The horse is pretty.

18. 4. Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. Examples: Modifying a verb: The coyote howled mournfully. Modifying an adjective: The coyote is Unusually clever. Modifying an adverb: The stars glittered very icily. (icily is an adverb telling how the stars glittered; very is an adverb telling how icily.)

19. Adverbs cont�d. Adverbs often answer the questions �When?� �Where?� �Why?� �How?� �How much?� and �How often?� They also help ask questions. When? Where? How? Again the chipmunk looked out cautiously. How much? That record played too loud. How often? People seldom realize the part television plays in their lives. Asking questions: Why was the tide higher today? Where are you going? When will he arrive? How did he get there?

20. Adverbs cont�d. An adverb tends to tell where, when, or how. There is the ball. [Where is the ball? There] This is most pleasant. [How unpleasant? Most] She is never happy. [When is she happy? Never] Shelley carefully read the book. [How did she read? Carefully] Briana will eat soon. [When will she eat? Soon] Kyle slept there. [Where did Kyle sleep? There]

21. Adverbs cont�d. Note: at least 90% of the time, an adverb modifies the verb of the sentence.

22. Adverbs cont�d. Clues for adverbs: Many adverbs end in �ly. He moved carefully. Quickly she changed seats. (be careful; every word ending in �ly is not an adverb: A deadly silence; a likely story.) Adverbs can often be moved around in a sentence, without changing the meaning of the sentence. Clumsily he moved around the dance floor. He moved clumsily around the dance floor. He moved around the dance floor clumsily. The adverbs- very, rather, somewhat, and usually- usually modify an adjective or another adverb, and do not move about in the sentence. They are sometimes called �intensifiers� E.G. The very rainy weather was somewhat unusual for March. The rather tall young man is not usually late

23. Exercise: Identify the adverbs Isabella has a very intense smile. She always smiles when daddy suddenly enters the rather small room.

24. 5. Verbs Verbs make statements, ask questions, or give commands. They may express action or state of being. Some action examples are: run, hit, hunt, take. Some state of being verbs are: am, is, was, are.

25. Verbs cont�d.

26. Verbs cont�d. Linking verbs: A linking verb connects the subject to its description. Lisa is a teacher. Commonly used linking verbs: is, was, look, taste, feel, appear, seem.

27. Verbs cont�d. Auxiliary verbs (a.k.a. auxiliaries or helping verbs) - a verb which helps another verb. The be verbs, the have verbs, and the do verbs can be main verbs or helpers. A main verb may have one, two, or three helping verbs (this is called a verb phrase).

28. Verbs cont�d. Here is a list of helping verbs. KNOW THEM!!!!! BE verbs HAVE verbs DO verbs OTHER HELPERS be has do should being have does could been had did would am may is might are can was shall were will must

29. Verbs cont�d.

30. Verbs cont�d. CLUES FOR VERBS: 1. Verbs often end in ing, ed, d, and t. Call, called, calling; sleep, slept, sleeping; walk, walked, walking 2. Add -ing to a word to see if it can be a verb: Kick, kicking go, going BUT NOT: about, abouting; her, hering

31. Verbs cont�d. 3. Try placing He or They in front of the word: Verbs Never a Verb He dashes / they dash he honests / they honest He flies / they fly he ons / they on He sings / they sing he quicklies / they quickly

32. Verbs cont�d. FIND THE VERB IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. WHAT CLUES APPLY? The girls laughed together. The dogs were vaccinated for rabies. The team is practicing today. The pictures turned out well. He has been reading this summer? That teacher was sad. We ran for three miles. Did she call the library? That clerk was nice. Were you going to the game?

33. Exercise: Identify the verbs. Hannah and Bella are riding in the train. They often wonder how a train moves, but they are more concerned with riding on the train. Aren�t they having a great time?

34. 6. Prepositions A PREPOSITION SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NOUN OR PRONOUN FOLLOWING IT TO SOME OTHER WORD IN THE SENTENCE. IN ORDER FOR A WORD TO BE A PREPOSITION, IT MUST HAVE A NOUN OR PRONOUN AFTER IT AS ITS OBJECT. Examples: The book is on the desk, and the computer is under the desk.

35. COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS aboard beneath in since about beside inside through above besides into throughout across between like till after beyond near to against but (except) of toward along by off under among concerning on underneath around down onto until as during out up at except outside upon before for over with behind from past within below without

36. COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS according to in addition to next to as of in front of on account of aside from in place of out of because of in spite of owing to by means of instead of prior to

37. Prepositions cont�d. A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IS A PREPOSITION AND ITS OBJECT, WITH OR WITHOUT MODIFIERS. EXAMPLES: She drove into the water. He sat in his seat. Over the house flew a flock of birds. We sailed through the cloudless, blue sky Inside the warm house was a big fireplace.

38. Prepositions cont�d. REMEMBER!!! A PREPOSITION MUST HAVE AN OBJECT; OTHERWISE THE WORD IS A DIFFERENT PART OF THE SPEECH, USUALLY AN ADVERB. He sat in the chair. We jumped in. A dog was inside the house. Jake hurried inside. Sue walked by the door. The time just flew by.

39. Prepositions cont�d. A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE STARTS WITH THE PREPOSITION AND ENDS WITH THE OBJECT. NO PART OF A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE CAN HAVE ANY OTHER JOB IN THE SENTENCE. On page 225 in your Hacker Manual is a list of common prepositions. Learn them.

40. Prepositions cont�d. One way to determine if a word is a preposition is to place it before the words �the table.� (on the table, near the table, for the table)

41. Exercise: Identify the prepositions As the fish swam through the water, it held a smaller fish in its mouth. Then a shark approached, and not seeing the fish, it swam by.

42. 7. Conjunctions

43. Conjunctions cont�d. 1. Coordinating conjunctions: These words join words or groups of words of equal value. This means that a coordinating conjunction can join � A noun with a noun A verb with a verb An adjective with an adjective An adverb with an adverb A prepositional phrase with a prepositional phrase. A clause with a clause

44. Conjunctions cont�d. 7 coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So [The four main coordinating conjunctions are AND, BUT, OR, NOR.] Exs.: apples and pears, John and Susan, Bill and I, Big and tall slender or plump, smoothly but carefully, quickly but quietly, over the river or through the woods, after the game but before the party, salt nor pepper

45. Conjunctions cont�d. Darius and Darrel went to the party. (noun to noun) Mike spends the day writing or the night eating. (phrase to phrase) Renee was tired, but she could not sleep. (clause to clause)

46. Conjunctions cont�d. 2. Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent clauses with independent clauses of a sentence. Commonly used subordinating conjunctions: after, as, as if, as long as, because, before, that, even if, except that, ever, if, if only, in case, since, until, then, whenever, where, wherever, whether, which, while, who, whom, whose.

47. Conjunctions cont�d. Examples of subordinating conjunctions: Chris Clark wrote a book before the trial ended. If Kevin grows the tomato plants, he can make salsa. After Ryan and Angie arrived, Darrel and I went to play basketball.

48. Conjunctions cont�d. A special form of coordinate conjunction is the CORRELATIVE These always come in pairs and join sentence elements of equal value. They are used mainly for emphasis. Both. . .and not only . . . but also either. . .or neither. . .nor

49. Conjunctions cont�d. EXAMPLES of correlative conjunctions in action: Both Steve and his brother were late. I lost not only my pencil but also my new book. The cookies are either in the cupboard or on the table. Neither the teacher nor the students had been told about it.

50. 8. Interjections AN INTERJECTION IS AN EXCALMATORY WORD THAT EXPRESSES EMOTION. IT HAS NO GRAMMATICAL RELATION TO THE REST OF THE SENTENCE. EXAMPLES: Ugh! The milk tastes sour. Yippee! We won! Wow! It worked. Well, forget it. Oh, all right.

51. Sentences: Linking the parts of speech into complete thoughts and ideas.

52. The Sentence

53. Clauses Independent clause (a.k.a. a complete thought; a simple sentence) Has a subject and a verb, and it is a complete thought. Dependent clause Has a subject and a verb but lacks a complete thought; the dependent clause requires an independent clause to lean on.

54. Clause vs. Phrase What�s the difference between a clause and a phrase? A clause has a subject and a verb. A phrase is a group of words (with no subject and verb).

55. 7 Basic Sentence Patterns: Subject + Verb Subject + Verb + Direct Object (D.O.) Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + D.O. S + V + D.O. + Objective Complement Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate Nominative Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate Adjective Subject + Linking Verb + Adverb

56. Expanding Sentences: The subject can be lengthened by simple adjectives, other nouns, prepositional phrases, verbal phrases, appositives, and relative clauses. Verbs can be lengthened by adding adverbs, prepositional phrases, or adverb clauses.

57. Sentence Forms Simple Sentence (a.k.a. Independent Clause) = Subject + Verb Compound Sentence = two or more Independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Dependent Clause (joined by a subordinating conjunction) Compound-Complex sentence = two independent clauses + dependent clause

59. Little Surfer Dude!