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Virtualization

Virtualization is the process of creating substitutes for real resources, allowing users and applications to operate unaware of the underlying complexity. It enables the creation of virtual machines (VMs) that act like physical computers, running their own operating systems. Initially introduced in the 1960s by IBM, virtualization has evolved with technologies like Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors. Benefits include hardware cost reduction, workload consolidation, and easy management. Key techniques involve paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization, improving resource efficiency and usability.

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Virtualization

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  1. Virtualization is the creation of substitutes for real resources – abstraction of real resources Users/Applications are typically unaware of the substitution (layer of abstraction) Examples: computing systems/servers network storage (e.g. SAN) network resources (e.g. VLANs, VPNs, HSRP - virtual ip address assignment). Virtualization

  2. A virtual machine is a tightly isolated software container that can run its own operating systems and applications as if it were a physical computer. Was first introduced by IBM in the 60’s X86 virtualization introduced in the 90’s by VMWare On a given h/w platform (host) – simulated (virtual) machine environments are created Benefits: consolidation to reduce hw costs workloads consolidation single consolidated view/management portability of virtual machines can be used for testing/training System (machine) Virtualization

  3. System (machine) Virtualization

  4. Hypervisor functionality

  5. Virtualization approaches - Hosted • Hosted approach – host O/S runs virtualization software, unmodified guest O/Ss run isolated from each other (separate virtual machines) • Virtualization software is known as Type 2 hypervisor • Additional resources are required for host O/S • Example: Microsoft Virtual PC, VMWare Workstation

  6. Hosted Architecture

  7. Virtualization approaches - Hypervisor • Hypervisor (bare-metal or type 1) approach – there’s no host O/S. Virtual machines run on top of type 1 hypervisor directly on a hardware platform • No resources are wasted for a Host O/S • Higher virtualization efficiency can be achieved • Example: VMWare ESX Server

  8. Hypervisor or Bare-metal Architecture

  9. Paravirtualization • Guest O/S is modified to include a call to hypervisor to access h/w resources • Guest O/S is “aware” of running in a virtualized environment • Makes the structure of hypervisor simpler • May make virtual machine more efficient • Can be a problem when Guest O/S can’t be modified (proprietary O/S)

  10. Paravirtualization

  11. HW Virtualization • Virtualization on x86 machines was difficult to implement, involved a lot of overhead • Starting in 2005 both Intel and AMD introduced processors enabled for virtualization – Intel VT and AMD-V Pacifica • Both employ virtualization extensions to x86 architecture to allow more efficient virtualization

  12. X86 architecture – privilege levels

  13. Virtualization – ring de-privileging

  14. X86 architecture – with virtualization Paravirtualization Binary Translation

  15. X86 architecture – with HW- assisted virtualization

  16. Virtual machine networking • Virtual Embedded Bridge – a software switch as part of the hypervisor

  17. Virtual machine networking • External Hardware Switch – switching function performed by an external switch

  18. Traditional Infrastructure

  19. Virtual Infrastructure

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