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Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006

Just-in-Time Lecture. www.pitt.edu/~super/. Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006. Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro. Mission Statement. The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information to educators worldwide. Mission Statement.

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Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006

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  1. Just-in-Time Lecture www.pitt.edu/~super/ Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006 Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro

  2. Mission Statement • The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information to educators worldwide.

  3. Mission Statement • The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information to educators worldwide. What are the Disaster Supercourse & JIT lecture?

  4. . What is the Disaster Supercourse? What is a JIT lecture? http://www.pitt.edu/~super1

  5. Lecture objectives • To provide the best possible scientific information about the Indonesia earthquake, 27 May 2006 • To teach how the science can help Indonesian to be prepared for primary & secondary prevention of consequences of earthquake

  6. Lecture objectives • In this lecture you will find: • How the vulnerability conditions can change a natural hazard to a disaster?

  7. What is the earthquake? The shaking of earth caused by waves moving on and below the earth's surface and causing: surface faulting, tremors vibration, liquefaction, landslides, aftershocks and/or tsunamis.

  8. How earthquake happens? • It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT. • Stresses in the earth's outer layer push sides of fault together. • Stress builds up & rocks slips suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the earth's CRUST & cause the shaking that we Feel during an earthquake.

  9. Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity I) Magnitude: • Definition:A measure of actual physical energy release at its source as estimated from instrumental observations. • Scale:Richter Scale • By Charles Richter, 1936 • Open-ended scale • The oldest & most widely used Noji 1997

  10. Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity II) Intensity: • Definition:a measure of the felt or perceived effects of an earthquake rather than the strength of the earthquake itself. • Scale:Modified Mercalli (MM) scale • 12-point scale, ranges from barely perceptible earthquakes at MM I to near total destruction at MM XII

  11. Magnitude versus Intensity • Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake as a whole, while intensity refers to the effects of an earthquake at a particular site. • An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while intensity is usually strongest close to the epicenter & is weaker the farther a site is from the epicenter. • The intensity of an earthquake is more germane to its public health consequences than its magnitude.

  12. Indonesia • Location: South eastern Asia • Extension: 1,913.000 Km2 • Around 18.000 islands (70% unpopulated) • The world's largest archipelago! • Bicontinental country: Asia & Australia

  13. Indonesia’s Health Statistics • Total population:222,781,000 • GDP per capita (Intl $, 2004):3,840 • Life expectancy at birth M/F (years2002): 65,0 / 68,0 • Healthy life expectancy at birth M/F (years, 2006):57,4 / 58,9

  14. Indonesia’s Health Statistics • Child mortality M/F (per 1000): 41/36 • Adult mortality M/F (per 1000): 239/200 • Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2003): 113 • Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2003): 3,1

  15. Indonesia Seismic Plates Plates movement • 6.0 cm per year in the West Java Trench • 4.9 cm per year in the East Java Trench • 10.7 cm per year in New Guinea Earthquakes & active faults in USGS

  16. Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia Based on Expected Ground Acceleration USGS

  17. Significant earthquake in Indonesia Significant earthquakes in Indonesia http://www.eeri.org/lfe/indonesia.html

  18. The Largest earthquake in Indonesia

  19. The deadliest earthquake in Indonesia

  20. The largest earthquake in Indonesia • Date: Sunday, December 26, 2004 • Location: OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA • Magnitude: 9.0 on the Richter scale • Time: 00:58:53 (UTC) • Epicentre: 3.316°N, 95.854°E • Depth: 30 km (18.6 miles) • Death: >220,000 usgs.gov

  21. Volcanic activities in Indonesia • Indonesia's volcanic activity is among the Earth's highest! • The most famous: Krakatau (Krakatoa), (between Sumatra and Java)

  22. Average Disaster Per Year in Indonesia, 1980-2000 UNDP

  23. Average Killed per year by natural disasters in Indonesia, 1980-2000 UNDP

  24. Comparison of Average Killed per year due to Earthquakes between Indonesia & other countries, 1980-2000 UNDP

  25. Indonesia Earthquake, 27 May 2006 • Time: 5/53/58 Local Time • Magnitude: 6.3 on Richter scale • Region: Java, Indonesia • Geolocation: 7.962°S, 110.458°E • Main Affected area:Yogyakarta , Java • Depth:10 km (6.2 miles) • Epicenter:37 km south of Yogyakarta 455 Km of Jakarta

  26. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) province • People of DIY only were worry about the eruption of Mount Merapi in the Northern part of City of Yogyakarta, they had never thought about earthquake over hundred years! • DIY has a special status in Republic of Indonesia, although in the Province level, the governor is always the descendant of the King, to honor the culture of Kingdom.

  27. Indonesia Earthquake: Infrastructure Damage • Roads & Bridges: ~ 49 km • Destroyed Schools: 269 • Government Buildings: 302 • Religious Buildings:18,959 • Local Markets: 9 • Destroyed houses: 60,000

  28. Damage Building and Housingin District of Klaten, Province of Central Java

  29. Damage Housing in Province of DIY

  30. Indonesia Earthquake: Damage to Health Facilities 01 June 2006

  31. Damage to Health Facilities City of Yogyakarta of Province of DIY • 6 Public Health Centers (PHC) & 1 Sub PHC were severely damaged • 9 PHCs and 6 Sub PHCs were moderately damaged • 3 PHCs and 4 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged. District of Klaten of Province of Central Java • 2 PHCs and 8 Sub PHCs were destroyed • 7 PHCs and 25 Sub PHCs were severely damaged • 5 PHCs and 20 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged rusak ringan District of Bantul of Province of DIY • 15 PHCs, 1 District Health Office, 30 Sub PHCs and 46 Houses of Officers were severely damaged • 4 PHCs, 13 Sub PHCs and 21 Houses of Officers were moderately damaged • 7 PHCs, 1 District General Hospital of Bantul, 13 PHCs and 4 Houses of Officers were mildly damaged.

  32. Indonesia Earthquake: Main Health Impacts • Death toll: 4,962 to 6,234 • Injured: 33,852 to 57,790 • Hospitalized patients:18,959 • Displaced/homeless: 200,000- 600,000

  33. Indonesia Earthquake: Mortality distribution 31/05/2006

  34. Indonesia Earthquake: Health Needs & Concerns • Shelters & tents • Medical Assistance • Lacks of Medical Staff & services • Bed sheets, mattresses • Clean Water & Food • Disease surveillance system

  35. Some key points in relief operation: • Emergency Health Information System • Importance of right kind of donations (based on • right needs assessment) • Incident Command System (ICS) • Inter and Intra sectoral Coordination

  36. Public Health Consequences of Earthquakes Pease see the following lectures: Part I. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13021/index.htm Part II. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13051/index.htm

  37. Indonesia Earthquake: Economical Damage • Only for covering the 6 months relief needs: 103,389,500 US$ (UN Flash Appeal) How about the recovery & reconstruction of damaged infrastructures?

  38. Indonesia Earthquake • Several decades of development wiped out in seconds in Yogyakarta & Java • How many percent of Indonesia GDP has been lost in the recent earthquake? • What do you think about spending this money on prevention? And absolutely without loosing the lives and injuries!

  39. 30 years continuous evolution in the practice of Crisis or Disaster Management • Civil defense • Emergency assistance • Disaster response and relief • Humanitarian assistance • Emergency management • Civil protection • Disaster mitigation and prevention • Disaster Risk Management Strategic shift from managing a disastrous event to more preventive and proactive approaches!!

  40. What is Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction or DRR)? • The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development !

  41. DRR Terminology: What is the Hazard? • A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

  42. DRR Terminology: What is the Vulnerability? • The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmentalfactors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. • Vulnerable Yogyakarta , Java: • Unprepared people, society • Unprepared institutions • Non-resistant building • High-density population • etc.

  43. What is Risk? • The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards & vulnerable conditions. • Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability

  44. What is a Disaster ? • A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

  45. What is a Disaster? • A disaster is a function of the risk process. • It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

  46. Indonesian earthquake: Risk model • Maybe DIY & Java communities were not able to modify the hazard part of the earthquake risk model, and predict it precisely, BUT they could assess their vulnerability conditions and reduced them! • This has been the same experience in Bam & Kashmir!

  47. Main Lesson Learned So, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale is not equal to a disaster. It is just movement of the earth crust. Our vulnerability has changed it to a disaster!!

  48. Just-in-Time Education Let’s teach the communities right now ! Risk awareness & Knowledge development including education, training, research and information are of the important fields of action for Disaster Risk Reduction!

  49. Information …. • People need information as much as water, food, medicine or shelter. • Information can save lives, livelihoods & resources. • Lack of information can make people victims of disaster. World Disaster Report 2005 – IFRC/RCS

  50. What we should do/do not before, during & after the earthquake? Please read carefully at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/prepare.html

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