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Impact of Non-Renewable Fuels on the Environment and US Energy Consumption

Explore the environmental impact of non-renewable fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear energy consumption in the US. Learn about coal reserves, petroleum composition, natural gas types, and the future reliance on these energy sources.

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Impact of Non-Renewable Fuels on the Environment and US Energy Consumption

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  1. Non-Renewable FuelsEnvironmental Impact

  2. US Energy Consumption by Source (1999) Renewables , 8% Renewables 7.2 QUADS EGEE 102-Pisupati All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS

  3. Non Renewable Fuels • Coal • Petroleum • Natural Gas • Nuclear Fission EGEE 102-Pisupati

  4. Coal EGEE 102-Pisupati

  5. World Coal Consumption • World coal consumption is projected to increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020. • US annual coal consumption is approximately 1 billion tons EGEE 102-Pisupati

  6. Coal Reserves (M metric tons) US – 275.5 World -1088.6 EGEE 102-Pisupati Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html

  7. Coal Analyses • Proximate Analysis • Ultimate Analysis • Calorific Value EGEE 102-Pisupati

  8. Proximate Analysis • Moisture • Volatile Matter • Ash • Fixed Carbon (obtained by difference) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  9. Ultimate Analysis(elemental composition) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  10. Calorific Value (Heating Value) • Heating or Calorific Value is the amount of heat released when a unit mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g) • Calorific value has implications for pollution measurements such as SO2 whose emissions are calculated on a lb per million Btu basis EGEE 102-Pisupati

  11. Coal Ranks • There are 4 general ranks for coals: • Lignite low rank • Subbituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite High rank EGEE 102-Pisupati

  12. Coal’s Future Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves Annual Use Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio) World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y = 271 Years USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y = 280 Years Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease, usage is also expected to change EGEE 102-Pisupati

  13. Petroleum EGEE 102-Pisupati

  14. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  15. Petroleum • Naturally occurring liquid containing a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules made of C and H atoms) • Also contains few compounds containing N, S, and O atoms EGEE 102-Pisupati

  16. Petroleum Composition EGEE 102-Pisupati

  17. Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls) US – 21.8 World – 1,016 EGEE 102-Pisupati Source: www.bp.com

  18. Production and Consumption (mn bbls/day)BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000 (http://www.bp.com) • World • Production – 73 • United States • Production – 9.2 • Consumption – 18.9 EGEE 102-Pisupati

  19. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  20. One Barrel of Oil (42 US gallons) produces … • Gasoline (19.5 Gallons) • Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2) • Kerosene (4.1) • Residual Fuel Oil (2.3) • Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2) • Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers (2) • Total Yield: 44.4 gallons EGEE 102-Pisupati

  21. How long can we depend on Petroleum? • World = 1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years US = 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day = 1,153 days or 3.16 years if we keep importing at the current rate = 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day = 2,344 days or 6.4 years EGEE 102-Pisupati

  22. Natural Gas EGEE 102-Pisupati

  23. Natural Gas WHAT IS IT? • Principally methane, CH4, with some ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2. CALORIFIC VALUE • Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500 Btu/lb) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  24. Natural Gas Types • WET- contains HCS other than Methane and ethane • SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2 formation upon combustion. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  25. Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft) US - 167 T Cu. ft World - 5210 T cu. ft EGEE 102-Pisupati

  26. How long can we depend on Natural Gas? • US= 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year (1999) = 7.6 years • World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year =62 years EGEE 102-Pisupati

  27. Utilization-CombustionPremium Fuel • Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb) • No ash in the fuel - no mess • Easy transportation and no storage space required • Better combustion efficiency • Less CO2 emissions compared to oil and coal for the same heat release EGEE 102-Pisupati

  28. Comparison of Fossil Fuels Composition Heating Value Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc. 1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft Gas EGEE 102-Pisupati

  29. Cost of Energy/MMBtu for oil • Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel • If the price is $22/barrel • One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu EGEE 102-Pisupati

  30. Cost of Energy per MMBtu- Natural gas • Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu. Ft • Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA) • Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft EGEE 102-Pisupati

  31. Cost of Energy- $/Million Btu • Price is given in $/ton. Approximate average price is $33.26/ton in PA • Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77 million BTUs/ton EGEE 102-Pisupati

  32. US Energy use and Environmental Consequences Emissions Fossil Fuels CO2 CO Combustion SO2 NOx Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen Particulate Matter PM10 PM2.5 NH3 EGEE 102-Pisupati

  33. US Air Emissions, Mtons (1999) EGEE 102-Pisupati

  34. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  35. Greenhouse Gas Emissions EGEE 102-Pisupati

  36. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the formation of ground level ozone and thereby to photochemical smog • Precursors to the formation of acid rain • Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause permanent alterations in the lung. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  37. Carbon Monoxide • Product of incomplete combustion • Reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream • Particularly dangerous to persons with heart disease. EGEE 102-Pisupati

  38. Sulfur Dioxide • High concentrations of SO2 can result in temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic children and adults • in conjunction with high levels of PM, include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease. • Together, SO2 and NOx are the major precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain) • major precursor to PM2.5, which is a significant health concern EGEE 102-Pisupati

  39. Particulate Matter • Health effects • Visibility impairment • Atmospheric deposition • Aesthetic damage EGEE 102-Pisupati

  40. Additional Resources • http://www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd00/ • http://www.eia.doe.gov • http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/ • http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ • http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/gooduphigh/ • http://www.epa.gov/air/concerns/#smog EGEE 102-Pisupati

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