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Understanding Solvent Toxicity: Effects, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Explore the physical and chemical properties of solvents, their health effects on the body, including skin disorders and nervous system impacts. Learn about diagnosis methods, treatment options, and preventive measures to avoid solvent toxicity.

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Understanding Solvent Toxicity: Effects, Diagnosis, and Prevention

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  1. SOLVENTS

  2. Physical and chemical properties: Solubility Flammability Volatility Chemical structure

  3. Pharmacokinetics of solvents Route of exposure: 1-pulmonary 2-percutaneous Distribution: Metabolism: 1-toxification 2-detoxification Excretion: 1-expiration 2-urine

  4. Biological monitoring Less value for solvents because of : 1-rapid absorption and excretion 2-acute high brief exposure is more important than accumulation exposure.

  5. Health effects of solvents Skin disorders: 20% of occupational dermatitis. Defatting property. Concentration and time of exposure. Clothing and gloves.

  6. Finding: irritation, dryness, scaling, tingling, itching. patch test in a few instances. Treatment & prevention : emollient, topical steroid, good hygiene, education, engineering control.

  7. central nervous system: acute effects: euphoria, anesthetic, headache, confusion, disorientation, drowsiness,… symptoms resolved under 24 hours. chronic effects: neurobehavioral disorders, cortex atrophy, Alzheimer, vestibulo-oculomotor disorder. diagnosis: 1- Hx of exposure 2-clinical finding 3- role out of other disease

  8. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensorymotor nuropathy: symmetric, ascending, distal axonopathy. Common cause: CS2, n,hexan, methyl n buthyl ketone. Others: Terigeminal anesthesia = TCE Sensory neural HL= styrene Visual disorder = tuloene, styrene.

  9. Diagnosis : NCV, EMG, nerve biopsy, clinical findings. DDx: diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, drugs Treatment: cut of exposure. Prognosis: depends on damage and removal time.

  10. Respiratory system: Findings: mucosal irritation, cough, pulmonary edema, hypoxia. Heart: cardiac sensitization to epinephrine effects. methylene chloride acts on heart like as CO.

  11. Liver : hepatotoxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons. Finding: RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, icter. Serum bile acid rising. Antipyrine metabolism rising. DDx: alcoholic hepatitis.

  12. kidney : TCC= acute tubular necrosis. toluene= distal RTA. ethylene glycole= renal stone. RPGN in case reports. Findings: polyuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, RTA.

  13. Blood: aplastic anemia= benzen, chlorinated hydrocarbons. hemolytic anemia= glycol ethers.

  14. Cancer potential: benzen, halogenated hydrocarbons, mixed solvents.

  15. Reproductive system: increased risk of SA, malformation, time of fertility, FAS, oligospermia & azospermia(in exposed men)

  16. Prevention of solvent toxicity 1- selection & substitution of solvent. 2-engineering controls. 3-personal protection.

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