GROWING RATES OF TYPE II DIABETES AMONG TEENAGERS

1. GROWING RATES OF TYPE II DIABETES AMONG TEENAGERS Hung Vo Lauren Mardis Lauren Alesch Hannah O’ Leary Tyrrah Watson Haruki Ishii

2. BACKGROUND • 7% of US population has Diabetes • Type II Diabetes Mellitus • 90% of Diabetes cases are Type II • pancreas produces too little or no insulin • glucose builds up in blood stream • 1/3 of cases need daily insulin doses required

3. BACKGROUND • Type II Diabetes age of onset is decreasing • Becoming more common among those 10 to 19 years of age • Increase occurring in last 2 decades • Increasing obesity in the younger age group • Ethnic and cultural backgrounds reflecting sedentary lifestyle

4. BACKGROUND • Early-onset Type II Diabetes (similar to the later-onset ) • characterized by β-cell failure • obesity-induced insulin resistance • decline in β-cell function appears to be more rapid than later-onset

6. 1 out of 3 kids are either overweight or obese

7. PROBLEM • Early on-set of Type II Diabetes in children age 10 to 19 • Major factors • physical inactivity* • sedentary lifestyle* • obesity/excessive body fat • family history of diabetes • ethnic background • worldwide industrialization - mechanized industry rather than agriculture, craftsmanship, or commerce

10. RESTATE PROBLEM • Early on-set of Type II Diabetes in children and adolescents age 10 to 19 • Due to physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity/excessive body fat, family history, and ethnicity background.

11. CONNECTION TO HEALTH EFFECT • Type II diabetes can have many complications including... • Heart disease and Stroke • Kidney Disease • Eye complications • Foot complications • Skin complications • Depression

12. IMPACT OF HEALTH EFFECT • Heart disease and Stroke: • related to poor circulation. • diabetes management is more than control of blood glucose. • People with diabetes must also manage blood pressure and cholesterol and talk to their health provider to learn about other ways to reduce their chance for heart attacks and stroke. • Kidney disease: • them to fail and their ability to filter out waste products. • can damage the system that the kidneys have, and the high blood sugar makes the kidneys filter too much blood. • Eye complications: • higher risk of blindness than other people. • most people with diabetes just have minor eye disorders.

13. IMPACT OF HEALTH EFFECT • Foot complications: • nerve damage which results in loss of feeling in your feet. • Poor blood flow or changes in the shape of your feet or toes may also cause problem • You may not feel that you have a foot injury. (ex: blister or nail) • Skin complications: • 1/3 of people with diabetes will have a skin disorder. • A skin disorder can sometimes be the first sign that someone has diabetes • include bacterial infections, fungal infections, and itching • Depression • stress of daily diabetes management can build • may feel alone or set apart from your friends and family because of all this extra

14. CONNECT EFFECT/IMPACT & SOLUTIONS • Obesity is a risk factor of contracting type II diabetes so start with decreasing body weight , by engaging physical activity and eating healthy. • prevention from heart disease, kidney disease, foot, skin, and eye complications • must learn to control blood sugar • help parents become informed on all the risk factors of the disease so they will know how to control blood sugar

15. SOLUTION • Education • teach how to self-monitor blood glucose levels • what types of activity they will benefit the most from • types of foods to eat • If medications needed, explain usage

16. SOLUTION • Nutrition plan • get parents involved and create a diet that applies to each child’s likes, but also making sure they get all the nutrients needed • consult a dietician who has experience with kids nutrition • have nutrition labels in every fast food restaurant so that the public can become informed • some people believe that a vegetarian diet is most helpful

17. SOLUTION • Exercise plan • have schools enforce a certain amount of recess as well as physical education classes • get kids involved with a sport or activities that keep them active and allow them to have fun while doing it • The American Heart Association says that all elementary students need 150 minutes of activity per week and middle school students 225 minutes.

18. APPLICABILITY OF SOLUTIONS • Positive reinforcement • Healthy eating habit at early age • It is more difficult to make sure children take the medications everyday • Technology replaces desire to exercise or engage in physical activity

19. APPLICABILITY OF SOLUTIONS • Most problems start within the home. Parents should implement family physical activities to help encourage physical fitness. This is a great way for children to associate physical activity with enjoyment. • Community recreation • Don’t associate food with watching TV

20. TREATMENT • Medications • Sulfonylureas • Meglitinides • Biguanides • Glucosidase inhibitors • Thiazolidinediones • DPP-4 Inhibitors • combination of medication • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • Insulin (usually try pills before insulin)- start for several factors including • how long you have had diabetes • what other medicines taken • increased level of blood glucose • overall health

21. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT • Other natural alternatives to medicine • Alpha-lipoic acid • Chromium • Fenugreek • Glucomannon • Treatment plan should first try and control blood sugar level without use of medications or insulin

22. BEST SOLUTION • Education or School Curriculum Reform • Enforcement of a certain amount of recess • PE classes • More physical activity • Nutrition Education

23. CRITERIA FOR BEST SOLUTION • Ease of enforcement • Increase physical activity • Increase knowledge of nutrition and its effect on disease • Decrease health risk • high blood pressure • heart attack • weight management • and blood sugar control

24. WHY PHYSICAL EDUCATION? • Exercise has proven to be effective at all level. • Weight gain is due to inactivity rather than poor diet. • Increase in physical activity leads to weight loss. • Kids should participate in a diabetes self-management education. • It can be enforced by the school, guaranteeing all children will participate.

25. IMPACT OF SOLUTION ON PROBLEM • Exercise has a dramatic effect on improving insulin sensitivity. • Reduce the risk of obesity. • Children can make smart choices on food, behavior, etc. • Reduce risk of heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure

26. WHAT IF PROBLEMS NOT ADDRESSED? • 30% of boys and 40% of girls are estimated to develop type 2 diabetes at some point in their lives • Type 2 diabetes accounted for 8 to 45 percent of all new pediatric cases of diabetes compared to fewer than 4 percent before the 1990s. • Reduce overall life expectancy due to increased risk for chronic diseases • Heart disease and Stroke  • Kidney Disease • Eye complications • Foot complications • Skin complications • Depression • The rate of childhood obesity has jumped from 16 percent in 2002, to 17.1 percent in 2004 and will reach 20 percent in four years.

27. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Educating children on nutrition and risk of developing type 2 diabetes • Mandatory recess in K-12 • Mandate that all restaurants provide a nutrition label on all their menu items • Restaurants should be given an overall nutritional grade like the cleanliness grade

28. ANTICIPATED OUTCOME • Just 30 minutes a day of moderate physical activity, coupled with a 5-10% reduction in body weight, produced a 58% reduction in diabetes. • By knowing which restaurant has more nutritional menu items, consumers can make healthier dining choices. • Reducing obesity reduce type 2 diabetes

29. WORKS CITED • Song, S.H. “Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Condition With Elevated • Cardiovascular Risk?” The British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease 8.4 (2008) • All About Diabetes" American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp • Type 2 Diabetes: Complications." American Diabetes Association. web. 11 July 2009.< http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes/complications.jsp>. • Core Concepts in Health 10th Edition, Insel & Roth pg. 416-418, 359, 383, 385, 500, 453, 457, 593 • “Type 2 Diabetes in Children.” Children with Diabetes. July 11, 2009. <http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_d00.htm>. • “Type 2 Diabetes: Conditions & Treatments.” American Diabetes Association. July 11, 2009. <http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes/treatment-conditions.jsp>. • “ Treatment Plan- Type 2 Diabetes.” Natural Solutions. July 11, 2009. <http://www.naturalsolutionsmag.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/center.article/articleID/11581/subTopicID/181/pageID/1/headline/TreatmentPlanType2Diabetes/fontSize/13>.

30. WORKS CITED • http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/22/606/FINALfactsandfigures2.pdf • http://www.worldhealth.net/news/us_rate_of_childhood_obesity_to_hit_one_ • http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-prevention/how-to-prevent-diabetes.jsp • http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_prevention/page5.htm • http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070207171215.htm • http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/obesity/obesit1274.html • http://www.practicalpointers.org/2004/jan2004.html#jt1 • http://edugamesblog.wordpress.com/2008/08/01/study-active-videogames-make-kids-break-a-sweat/ • http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/d_0n_d00.htm