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Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi. Chapter 21. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the kingdom Fungi. Fungi. Eukaryotes that lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic Absorb predigested food through the cell wall and plasma membrane . WAYS FUNGI AFFECTS LIVING THINGS.

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Kingdom Fungi

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  1. Kingdom Fungi Chapter 21

  2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 • Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the kingdom Fungi

  3. Fungi • Eukaryotes that lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic • Absorb predigested food through the cell wall and plasma membrane

  4. WAYS FUNGI AFFECTS LIVING THINGS • Cause food spoilage • Make food products better • Provides a food source • Provide medicine • Cause plant disease • Damage property • Cause disease

  5. Examples of foods made possible by fungi Yeast • Beer and Wine • Bread Mushrooms • White button, crimini,portabella • Truffles, chanterelles Mycoprotein (food additive like tofu) • Cheese • Rennin, • blue cheese • Soy sauce • Tempeh • Citric acid • (soft drinks)

  6. Evolutionary History of Fungi • Fungi appeared around 1.5 billion years ago. • Earliest fungi were aquatic. • Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants. • Fungi probably evolved from a flagellated protist.

  7. KEY TERMS • CHITIN • A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms cell walls of many fungi • HYPHA • One of the threadlike filaments composing the mycelium of a fungus

  8. KEY TERMS • MYCELIUM • Vegetative (nonreproductive) body of most fungi, consisting of a branched network of hyphae • Other fungi (yeasts)are unicellular

  9. Filamentous Fungi

  10. Hyphae (c) (d) (e) (a) A fungal mycelium growing on agar in a culture dish. In nature, fungal mycelia are rarely so symmetrical. (b) Electron micrograph of a mycelium. (c) A hypha divided into cells by septa; each cell is monokaryotic. In some fungi the septa are perforated (as shown). (d) A septate hypha in which each cell is dikaryotic (has two nuclei). (e) A coenocytic hypha. Fig. 21-1, p. 407

  11. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 • Explain the fate of a fungal spore that lands on an appropriate food source

  12. KEY TERMS • SPORE • A reproductive cell that gives rise to individual offspring in fungi and certain other organisms

  13. Spores • Fungi reproduce by spores • May be produced sexually or asexually • When a fungal spore comes into contact with an appropriate food source, the spore germinates and begins to grow a mycelium

  14. Germination: Spore to Mycelium

  15. Spore Hypha Mycelium Fig. 21-2, p. 407

  16. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 • List distinguishing characteristics and give examples of each of the following fungal groups: chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes

  17. Major Phyla of Fungi

  18. Glomeromycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Chytrids Evolution of ascospores Evolution of basidiospores Evolution of dikaryotic stage Loss of flagellum Common flagellated ancestor Fig. 21-3, p. 408

  19. KEY TERMS • CHYTRID (chytridiomycetes) • A fungus characterized by production of flagellated cells at some stage in its life history • A parasitic chytrid is partly responsible for declining amphibian populations

  20. A Chytrid

  21. KEY TERMS • ZYGOMYCETE • A fungus characterized by production of nonmotile, asexual spores and sexual zygospores • Black bread mold is a zygomycete

  22. A Zygomycete

  23. Life Cycle: Black Bread Mold

  24. Spore germinates In asexual reproduction, certain hyphae form sporangia in which clusters of black, asexual, haploid spores develop. When released, they give rise to new hyphae. 1a ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (by spores) Haploid (n) Spores germinate and produce haploid mycelia. 7 Sporangia Spores + - Sporangium containing spores produced by mitosis SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hyphae of (+) and (-) mating types grow toward one another. HAPLOID (n) STAGE 1b + - Meiosis occurs and zygospore germinates; hypha develops sporangium at its tip. 6 DIPLOID (2n) STAGE Germination of zygospore + Gametangia Mature zygospore within zygosporangium When (+) and (-) hyphae meet, they form gametangia. - 2 Meiosis Plasmogamy Zygospore develops from zygote; it is encased by thick-walled, black zygosporangium. 5 Plasmogamy occurs as gametangia fuse. Karyogamy 3 Karyogamy occurs with nuclei fusing to form diploid zygote. 4 Fig. 21-6, p. 410

  25. Microsporidium Infection

  26. Microsporidian cell Polar tube Host cell Spore of microsporidium has coiled polar tube. Spore ejects its polar tube and penetrates host cell. Infective cytoplasm is injected into host cell. 1 2 3 Fig. 21-7, p. 411

  27. Microsporidian cell Polar tube Host cell 1. Spore of microsporidium has coiled polar tube. 2. Spore ejects its polar tube and penetrates host cell. 3. Infective cytoplasm is injected into host cell. Stepped Art Fig. 21-7, p. 411

  28. Animation: Zygomycete Life Cycle CLICKTO PLAY

  29. KEY TERMS • GLOMEROMYCETE • A fungus that forms a distinctive branching form (arbuscular mycorrhizae) of endomycorrhizae with roots of most trees and herbaceous plants

  30. Glomeromycetes

  31. Cells of root cortex Root epidermis Soil Vesicle Root hair Arbuscule Spore Cortex cell Hyphae of fungus Fig. 21-8, p. 412

  32. KEY TERMS • ASCOMYCETE • A fungus characterized by production of nonmotile, asexual conidia and sexual ascospores • Ascomycetes include yeasts, cup fungi, morels, truffles, pink and green molds

  33. Conidia

  34. Conidia Fig. 21-9, p. 412

  35. Life Cycle: Ascomycetes

  36. Conidia In asexual reproduction, hyphae produce haploid conidia. Germinating conidium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (by spores) When released, ascospores germinate and form new haploid mycelia. 9 Conidiophore Haploid (n) Haploid mycelia of opposite mating types both produce coenocytic sexual hyphae. 1 (–) mating type Each nucleus becomes incorporated into an ascospore. 8 (–) mating type Plasmogamy Plasmogamy occurs as hyphae of the two mating types fuse and nuclei are exchanged. 2 Nuclei migrate. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mature ascus has eight haploid ascospores. HAPLOID (n) STAGE Dikaryotic hyphae form and produce asci. 3 DIKARYOTIC STAGE (n + n) Second meiotic division Mitosis produces eight haploid nuclei. 7 First meiotic division DIPLOID (2n) STAGE Developing ascus with n + n nuclei Meiosis occurs, forming four haploid nuclei. 6 Zygote Hyphae form an ascocarp. 4 Nuclei fuse Meiosis Ascocarp Karyogamy occurs in each ascus. Two haploid nuclei fuse, forming a diploid zygote nucleus. Karyogamy 5 Mycelium Fig. 21-10, p. 414

  37. Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes

  38. Penicillium. The mold Penicillium produces penicillin, which inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

  39. Penicillium WWI, bacterial infections killed more soldiers than bullets did directly. 1928 Dr. Fleming working at St. Mary’s Hospital in London noticed that mold growing on staph bacterial culture plates had killed the pathogen zone of dead bacteria

  40. Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize cell wall. In this sequence, Escherichia coli were incubated in penicillin for 30 minutes. The bacteria lengthen, but cannot divide. Eventually the weak cell wall ruptures (last panel).

  41. Animations • Mode of action of Pennicillin: • http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Spencer/spencer_cellwall.html • Development of Antibiotic resistance: • http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/sif_antibiotics.html

  42. KEY TERMS • BASIDIOMYCETE • A fungus characterized by production of sexual basidiospores • Basidiomycetes include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts

  43. Basidiomycete Fruiting Bodies

  44. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes

  45. Cap Gill, bearing basidia Basidiospore Basidium Gills Button stage Fruiting body (Basidiocarp) Stalk Base Mycelium (a) Compacted hyphae form the basidiocarp commonly called a mushroom. Numerous basidia are borne on the gills. (b) Each basidium produces four basidiospores, which are attached to the basidium. Fig. 21-13, p. 417

  46. Life Cycle: Basidiomycetes

  47. Basidiospores germinate and form primary mycelia. 1 Plasmogamy occurs with the fusion of two (n) hyphae of different mating types. Basidiospores released 2 Basidiospores forming Plasmogamy HAPLOID (n) STAGE Fast-growing secondary mycelium is produced, composed of dikaryotic (n + n) hyphae. 3 Second meiotic division DIKARYOTIC STAGE (n + n) First meiotic division DIPLOID (2n) STAGE Basidiocarps periodically develop from secondary mycelium. 4 Meoisis occurs, producing four haploid nuclei that become basidiospores. 6 Zygote nucleus Meiosis Karyogamy Gills Basidiocarp Basidia form along gills of basidiocarps. In each basidium karyogamy occurs, producing a zygote nucleus. Secondary mycelium 5 Fig. 21-14, p. 418

  48. Animation: Club Fungus Life Cycle CLICKTO PLAY

  49. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 • Explain the ecological significance of fungi as decomposers

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