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Rise of Fascism in Interwar Italy: Mussolini's Totalitarian Regime

Explore how Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy led to the establishment of a fascist regime characterized by extreme nationalism and the suppression of individual liberties. Learn about key events, such as the March on Rome, and Mussolini's consolidation of power through censorship and control of various aspects of society.

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Rise of Fascism in Interwar Italy: Mussolini's Totalitarian Regime

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  1. Totalitarianism of the Right?: Interwar Europe, 1918-1939

  2. Rise of Fascism in Italy • WWI spoils disappointed many Italians • Russian Revolution inspired many workers and socialists • Pope allowed Catholics to go into politics • “Two Red Years,” 1919-1920 • Great instability • Workers took over some factories

  3. Benito Mussolini, 1883-1945 Il Duce (The Leader) Black Shirts Fascism: • extreme militaristic nationalism • contempt for electoral democracy and liberalism • natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites • individual interests subordinated to the good of the nation

  4. Fasces = strength in unity

  5. Mussolini’s rise to power • Two Red Years • Mussolini portrayed himself as the ‘man of order’ • March on Rome (October 1922) • King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1900-46) forced to make Mussolini Prime Minister

  6. Consolidation of Power • Giacomo Matteotti (socialist leader killed in 1924) • Mussolini used killing to crack down: • changed election law • curbed Parliament’s powers • censored press and academic publications • assumed dual role as PM and ‘Il Duce’

  7. Mussolini’s policies • Lateran Agreement (1929): • Gave Vatican City independence • Financial support • Roman Catholicism as official religion • Pope agreed to urge Italians to support Mussolini and fascists • Corporatism • between socialism and capitalism • Sexism: women as mothers and sexual objects

  8. Totalitarianism • Mussolini: “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” (1926)State to pervade all aspects of society • The nation mobilized but obedient to THE LEADER • BUT: Fascist Italy was not very totalitarian, compared to USSR and Nazi Germany

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