The Byzantine Empire AD 330-1453

1. Chapter 11- Section 01 The Byzantine EmpireAD 330-1453

2. Geography: Byzantine Empire • What continents did the Byzantine Empire extend to at its height in 565 AD? • Africa, Europe, Asia • What three empires are shown on the map and in what time periods? • Seljuk 1100 AD; Kievan 1100 AD; Byzantine 565 AD • Which two empires battled for control of the region known as Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)? • Seljuk (Turks) vs. Byzantines

3. 4) Describe the advantages of the Byzantine Empire’s location. - Mediterranean Sea for trade, travel, and Defense - Location is easy to defend. 5) During what centuries did the Seljuks and Byzantines battle for control of parts of the Middle East? - 11th and 12th Centuries AD 6) Based on the timeline, what happened to Christianity during the 11th century AD? - It split between Roman Catholic and Eastern (Greek) Orthodox

4. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 330 AD • Constantinople becomes the capital of the eastern Roman empire.

5. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 527-565 • Justinian reigns; Byzantine empire is at its peak

6. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 532 • Rioters during the “Nika Revolt” set fires that swept through Constantinople

7. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 700s • Byzantine emperor, Leo III, outlaws the worship of icons and fights off Muslim invaders

8. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 1054 • Great Schism splits the Church • Greek Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic

9. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 1090s • Western Christians help Byzantine empire in the First Crusade • Pope Urban II called on all Christians to reclaim the Holy Land

10. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 1204 Crusaders attack Constantinople during the 4th Crusade

11. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 1260s • Byzantine emperor reclaims Constantinople

12. Timeline of the Byzantine Empire • 1453 • Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople

13. Byzantine Empire 330-1453 AD • Known as the “Eastern Roman Empire” • The Term “Byzantine Empire” was invented by modern historians • Capital = Constantinople   • Language = Greek   • Religion = Christianity  

14. Justinian’s Reign (527-565) • Aristocratic background   • Married a peasant - Theodora   • Emperor after his Uncle’s Death (Justin I)   -Conside Mosaic of Justinian found at the San Vitale in Ravenna Italy.

15. Justinian’s Reign (527-565) • Considered a Saint in Eastern Orthodox Christianity   • called the “Last Roman”   • Procopius is the main historian of Justinian’s time  

16. Justinian’s Accomplishments • 1. Justinian’s Code • Uniform Law Code • Consists of 4 main works • Code- consolidated Roman laws into 5,000 • Digest - guide of common law for Judges • Institutes - intro/textbook for law students • Novellae- new laws after 534 AD

17. Justinian’s Accomplishments • 2. Ended the Nika Revolt • Citizens angry over punishment of chariot race rioters • Some Senators wanted to overthrow Justinian • Rioters yelled “Nika” (“Win”, “Conquer”) while burning and killing • Theodora convinced Justinian to stay • Military generals killed 30,000 rebels

19. Justinian’s Accomplishments • 3. Added to the greatness of Constantinople • strengthened city’s defenses • rebuilt the city (after the Nika Revolt) • enlarged his Palace

20. Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)

21. Hagia Sophia

22. Justinian’s Accomplishments • Reunited the Eastern and Western Empires • General Belisarius led the re-conquests   • Vandals in N. Africa; Ostrogoths in Italy

23. Christianity  Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Byzantine Religion

24. Iconoclasm(730-843) • Byzantine Emperor Leo III banned the use of Icons as “Idol Worship” • may have been motivated by military defeats to the Muslims • lasts over 100 years

25. ”Great Schism” (1054) • Schism = split • Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church split • Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other • Excommunicate = declare someone an outcast from the church

26. Long Term Causes of the Great Schism • (1) Disputes over Papal Authority • (2) Filioque Clause (addition of “and the son”) • (3) Cultural and Linguistic differences

27. Using your textbook, make a list of similarities and differences that still exist today between the two churches (pages 272-273)

28. Decline of the Byzantine Empire • Justinian Plague (early Black Death) • 40% of the population (10,000 per day)   • Impacted taxes and defense

29. Decline of the Byzantine Empire • Foreign threats • North = Slavs, Avars, & Bulgars • West = Lombards(“Longbeards”) • East = Persians   • South = Arabs  (Muslims)created “Greek Fire” to hold off invasions starting in the 7th century

30. Greek Fire • Incendiary weapon used by Byzantines • Used in naval battles to burn ships • Formula was state secret…now lost • Shot through pressurized siphons or clay grenades

31. Decline of the Byzantine Empire • Internal Fighting • Civil Wars from the “Theme System” • Themes were similar to districts   • Social Unrest

32. Decline of the Byzantine Empire • Rise of Islam • Crusades • Crusaders traveled through the Byzantine Empire.   • Ottoman Empire

33. Byzantine Empire over time.