Architectures for mobile and wireless systems

1. Architectures for mobile and wireless systems Ese 566 Report 1 Hui Zhang Preethi Karthik

2. Papers Selected 1) Gonzales,"Micro-RISC Architectures for the Wireless Market", IEEE Micro, July-August 1999, pgs 30-37. 2) H. Ikeda et. al," SuperENC: MPEG-2 Video Encoder Chip", IEEE Micro, July-August 1999, pgs 56-65. 3) J. Kin,"Exploring the Diversity of Multimedia Systems", IEEE Transactions on VLSI, June 2001 4) M. Wan, “Design Methodology of a low-energy Reconfigurable Single-Chip DSP System”,J. VLSI Signal Processing, 2000 5). H. Zhang et. al,"A 1V Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Processor IC for Baseband Wireless Applications",IEEE Journal on Solid State Circuits, Vol. 35, Nov 2000, pgs 1697-1704.

3. Introduction • Multimedia System - High-performance, flexible, scalable, computation intensive - μP or DSP processor • Wireless System - Low power - ASIC • Multimedia System for Wireless System - Low power, high performance, flexibility - Heterogeneous reconfigurable DSP

4. Introduction

5. Micro-Risc Architecture for the Wireless Market Applications: wireless handsets Focus: low power Architecture: 32 bit architecture Features: low power, embedded, compiler friendly processor

6. Micro-Risc Architecture for the Wireless Market • Instruction set efficiency • Special low power modes for static operation • Power consumption for dynamic operation • High code density • Architecture: 32-bit

7. Micro-Risc Architecture for the Wireless Market • System-level power management: instructions for enabling external logic to disable power to some parts of system • power aware instruction pipeline • high code density creating a small executable file

8. Micro-Risc Architecture for the Wireless Market • Very less data transfer instructions and memory accesses (single cycle memory access) • 16 bit instruction set • Bus activity is reduced due to large number of registers • Usage of a protocol timer which offloads computation intensive tasks

9. Micro-Risc Architecture for the Wireless Market

10. Super ENC : MPEG-2 Video Encoder chip • Applications: used for encoding video signals of all types • Focus: high video quality • Architecture: 3 layer integrated architecture • Hw/sw communication: one software module per layer • Input specification: video input, bit-stream output • Features: low-cost, single-chip, high-performance, flexible, scalable

11. Super ENC : MPEG-2 Video Encoder chip • Classification: Data dominant • Features: Allows video encoding for different picture models • Architecture: 3 layer model • Layer 1: Data buffering • Layer 2: Video processing • Layer 3: Process control • independent modules except for data transfer • scalable

12. Super ENC : MPEG-2 Video Encoder chip • Hardware/Software Integration: • One software module per layer • Rate control done by software • Concept: • The video signal is given as an input to the video encoder and the output is a bitstream. • Motion estimation and motion compensation modules • Layer 1: Due to limited memory, data buffering is don • Layer 2: The current signal is compared with the reference signal and checked for temporal redundancy removal • Layer 3: The process control is in this layer

13. Exploring the diversity of Multimedia Systems • Characteristic: Data intensive application • Computation intensive • Scalable • Complex • High performance

14. Multimedia system for wireless applications • Reconfigurable processors form a new class of architectures that can potentially fill the middle ground between flexibility and energy efficiency. • They offer the advantage of combining flexibility and low energy by providing a direct spatial mapping from algorithm to architecture, hence reducing the control overhead typically associated with instruction-set processors.

15. Low power reconfigurable system • Why need flexibility and adaptability for wireless system? It is a necessity in the presence of multiple and evolving standards, and helps to increase quality-of-service in the presence of dynamically evolving channel conditions

16. Heterogeneous Architecture Template

17. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template

18. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template

19. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template • Design Methodology The goal of the architectural exploration process is to partition the application over control-driven computation on the general-purpose microprocessor and data-driven computing on the clusters of satellites so that performance and energy dissipation constraints are met. Besides this, optimizations related to reconfigurability have to be supported at both the architecture design as well as compilation stage.

20. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template Algorithm Characterization and Bottle-neck Detection The inherent computational complexity (counts of basic operations and memory accesses) is a meaningful measure to identify dominant kernels. Base on this information, the designer can rewrite the code t o either reduce the inherent cost of the algorithm, or extract kernels into procedure calls. these procedure calls are then considered for potential hardware acceleration

21. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template Architecture Characterizations and Modeling Instruction-level modeling has emerged as the preferred method for characterizing the energy consumption of general-purpose cores. The power-characterization of the satellite modules is somewhat more complex. Moving components from soft to hardware are only worthwhile when resulting in substantial improvements, making some inaccuracy acceptable.

22. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template Reconfigurable Interconnect Architecture Evaluation 1. Multi-Bus. The advantages are full connection flexibility and simple implementation, the disadvantages are a large area overhead and high energy consumption. 2. Irregular Mesh: the advantage is low-cost connections between local modules; the disadvantages are high energy and delay cost for long connections between distant modules 3. Hierarchical Mesh: provide energy-efficient and high-performance inter-cluster connections.

23. Pleiades – A Low Power Reconfigurable DSP Architecture Template

24. A 1V Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Processor IC for Baseband Wireless Applications Maia: CELP-based speech coder for wireless devices 1 microprocessor (embeded ARM8), 21 Satellites processors: 2 MAC, 2 ALU, 8 address generators, 8 embedded memories, 1 embedded low-energy FPGA. two-level hierarchical mesh-structured reconfigurable interconnect network By partitioning the algorithm across processor and Pleiades satellites, more than an order of magnitude of improvement in energy efficiency is achieved.

25. Conclusions • In the various systems we have discussed we see the importance of the matching of the methodology and architectural configuration to meet the system requirements. • Multimedia systems demand flexibility and scalability of systems besides high performance. • Wireless systems have to be low power while performing as earlier. • Wireless multimedia systems are more demanding because of the conflicting requirements.