CONTEMPORARY ASIA AND AFRICA

1. CONTEMPORARY ASIA AND AFRICA • JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, INDIA AND AFRICA

2. POST-WAR JAPAN • Douglas MacArthur assigned to the rebuilding of Japan • Democracy established

3. CHINA • Sun Yat-sen: founder of the Guomintang (nationalist party of China) • Chiang Kai-shek: takes over for Sun Yat-sen in 1925, but was opposed to land reform and peasants flocked to his opponent • Mao Zedong: communist leader of the peasants and used the Long March to unite all communists; pushed Chiang Kai-shek off the mainland to the island of Taiwan; Mao made China communist in 1949

4. Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong

5. GREAT LEAP FORWARD • 5 Year Economic Plan established by Mao Zedong • 1959-1963- the plan was to focus on industry and agriculture and the hope was to rival the United States • Unfortunately, 1959 was a bad year and it is thought that 9 million starved that year, and by 1963, 20 million starved

6. TIANANMEN SQUARE • Pro-democratic demonstration against the Communist government in China • June 5, 1989: worst day of violence • Total of 3,000 deaths

7. KOREAN WAR:THE FORGOTTEN WAR • 1945- The U.N. split the peninsula at the 38th Parallel • June 1950: Communist North Korea crossed the 38th Parallel into South Korea • United States troops under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur and United Nations forces responded to the invasion • Allied forces were pushed to the Pusan Perimeter by September 1950

9. MacArthur called for an amphibious invasion at Inchon to take pressure off Allied forces and to cut supply lines of the North Koreans • By November 1950 Allied forces had pushed the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River (boundary between North Korea and China)

10. Chinese forces crossed over the Yalu River to help N. Korea • MacArthur wanted to invade China, but Truman advised against it. MacArthur and Truman exchanged words and eventually MacArthur was fired. • Chinese and N. Korean forces were able to cross back across the 38th Parallel

11. Allied forces pushed back • Fighting stopped in 1951 • Armistice signed in 1953 and the 38th Parallel was used to divide North and South Korea

12. THE VIETNAM WAR • Vietnam was part of French Indochina • Area was taken over by the Japanese in WWII, but reclaimed by the French after the war was over • Nationalist movement in the region against the French

13. Leader of the Nationalists- Ho Chi Minh • Led the war against the French in the late 1940’s; influenced by communism • Ho Chi Minh’s followers in North Vietnam were called the Vietminh • Ho Chi Minh was supported and financially backed by the Soviet Union • The United States backed the French

14. The Geneva Conference- divided Vietnam at the 17th Parallel • North was now communist and leader was Ho Chi Minh (capital=Hanoi) – ties to China and USSR • South was democratic and president was Ngo Dinh Diem (capital=Saigon)

15. TIMELINE OF U.S. INVOLVEMENT • 1954- SUPPORTIVE OF THE FRENCH • 1956-1964- SENT MILITARY ADVISORS AND FINANCIAL AID • 1964- GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON GETS PERMISSION TO SEND IN COMBAT TROOPS WITH THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION • 1965- 1ST COMBAT TROOPS ARRIVE • 1965-1973- AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS IN VIETNAM • PRESIDENT NIXON RESPONSIBLE FOR VIETNAMIZATION

16. UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT • By 1957 Eisenhower sent in military advisors to help train South Vietnamese military • President Kennedy increased American involvement (financial aid) • South Vietnam’s army was ineffective against the Vietcong (South Vietnamese guerillas- also known as Charlie) which put pressure on the U.S. to increase its involvement

17. Diem turned out to be corrupt • Believed he pocketed much of the aid sent to them from US • US continued to support him • Openly persecuted Buddhists • Monks protesting persecution set selves on fire in public square • United States finally supported a coup to overthrow Diem in 1963

19. 1964-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – US spy boat torpedoed, but US claimed two had been attacked, LB Johnson urged Congress to write “blank check” • President Johnson sent over troops to take on a lead military role • By 1967 – war at a stalemate • North planned attack on Saigon on Tet, Vietnamese holiday (Tet Offensive) • North actually failed, lasted several weeks but they did not win • North used propaganda to create image of victory • However, US opinion of the war dropped dramatically because we suffered less casualties, but gained no land • War portrayed as “unwinnable”

20. U.S. forces tried to bomb the Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply route through Cambodia and Laos • Sparked protests – Kent State and Jackson State– students were shot by national guard

21. Paris Accords – Jan 31, 1973 • Brought US withdrawal and release of POWs • US pulls out- Vietnamization • North continues to take South • World watches dramatic rescue of US Embassy workers from the embassy rooftop • February ’73 – South fell to communism, Laos went peacefully slowly after

23. NAPALM MY LAI MASSACRE HANOI HILTON HANOI JANE JOHN McCAIN- POW

24. CAMBODIA AND THE KHMER ROUGE • As a result of the communist takeover of Vietnam and because of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, communism filtered into Cambodia • Pol Pot established the Khmer Rouge, a communist regime in Cambodia • Ruled from 1975-1979 • He began a genocide against the intelligencia and former political leaders of Cambodia • Killed approximately 1 million people before he was overthrown and placed under house arrest • Died in 1998 while still under house arrest

25. POL POT THE KILLING FIELDS

26. PHILIPPINES • President Ferdinand Marcos was a corrupt leader who embezzled a huge amount of the national treasury for his own personal gain (1965-1986) • He was accused of having his political opponent, Benigno Aquino, murdered in 1983 • In the 1986 election, the wife of the murdered opponent, Corazon Aquino, ran against Marcos and won. She became the first female democratically elected President of the Philippines. Stayed in power until 1992. • Marcos and his wife fled the Philippines and sought refuge in the U.S. They were arrested and served time in U.S prison. Ferdinand died in 1989 and Imelda returned to the Philippines.

28. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT OF INDIA • Following WWII: desire for independence from the British and the concern of Muslims and their place in India dominated by Hindus

29. INDEPENDENCE • Mohandas Gandhi- leader of the INC had been fighting for independence for many years and WWII forced Britain to address the issue • The last British viceroy of India carried out a plan to create an independent India in 1947 • The British were persuaded because of a nonviolent resistance movement (passive resistance) led by Gandhi, who was eventually given the name Mahatma (Great Soul)

30. RESULTS OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE • The agreement that created an independent India also established a two-part Pakistan • A Hindu upset over the partition assassinated Gandhi in 1948 • In 1971, the eastern section of Pakistan became Bangladesh • The island of Ceylon was also granted independence and was eventually renamed Sri Lanka

32. AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS • African independence efforts followed three general patterns: • Peaceful transition to independence • Violent transition to independence or violence following the transition due to conflicts among Africans in the region • Areas where large European populations had settled in the colony faced conflicts such as resisting the desires of natives and the colonial power’s plans to establish African majority rule

33. Peaceful Transition • Common in colonies that had small European populations and minimal tension among African groups in the colony • British West Africa is a good example • They were already using indirect rule so they just handed power over to the Africans

34. Violent Transition • Nigeria’s independence was delayed by complicated negotiations among African ethnic groups and eventually civil war erupted

35. Europeans were the obstacle • Algeria- French simply refused to consider independence. Finally in 1962, following a war that killed thousands of French soldiers and hundreds of thousands of Algerians, the country gained independence • South Africa: gained independence after WWII, but by 1948 the government started apartheid (national policy of segregation). The policy ended in 1990. • Nelson Mandela led the movement against apartheid. He was imprisoned for several years. • President F.W. deKlerk ended apartheid and allowed for free elections which allowed Mandela to take over

36. continued • Kenya: Europeans made up less than 1% of population, but had tremendous power • Jomo Kenyatta became the leader of the independence movement in Kenya • He was jailed by the British from 1953 to 1961 • Became the Prime Minister of independent Kenya in 1963 • Encouraged Europeans to stay and invest in the country • Economically prosperous until mid-1970’s, when the one-party system became corrupt. Corruption intensified after Kenyatta’s death in 1978.

38. Rwandan Genocide • Rwanda and Burundi were given to Belgium according to the Treaty of Versailles. • The Tutsi (ethnic minority) were given preferential treatment by the Belgians. • The 1994 genocide was the slaughter of approximately 1 million Tutsi by the Hutu