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Understanding CSMA/CD and IPv6 Enhancements for Ethernet Networking

This text covers the fundamentals of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), a protocol used in Ethernet networking. It details how stations manage collisions in a shared medium, including the steps involved in detecting collisions and how they affect transmission. Additionally, it explores the transition to IPv6, addressing the exhaustion of IP address space, the need for expanded addressing capabilities, and the enhancements in IPv6 that improve network efficiency and scalability, including anycast delivery and packet labeling for specific traffic flows.

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Understanding CSMA/CD and IPv6 Enhancements for Ethernet Networking

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  1. Ethernet (CSMA/CD) • Carriers Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection • Xerox - Ethernet • IEEE 802.3

  2. CSMA/CD • With CSMA, collision occupies medium for duration of transmission • Stations listen whilst transmitting • If medium idle, transmit, otherwise, step 2 • If busy, listen for idle, then transmit • If collision detected, jam then cease transmission • After jam, wait random time then start from step 1

  3. CSMA/CDOperation

  4. Collision Detection • On baseband bus, collision produces much higher signal voltage than signal • Collision detected if cable signal greater than single station signal • Signal attenuated over distance • Limit distance to 500m (10Base5) or 200m (10Base2) • For twisted pair (star-topology) activity on more than one port is collision • Special collision presence signal

  5. Gigabit Ethernet – Physical • 1000Base-SX • Short wavelength, multimode fiber • 1000Base-LX • Long wavelength, Multi or single mode fiber • 1000Base-CX • Copper jumpers <25m, shielded twisted pair • 1000Base-T • 4 pairs, cat 5 UTP • Signaling - 8B/10B

  6. Why Change IP? • Address space exhaustion • Two level addressing (network and host) wastes space • Network addresses used even if not connected to Internet • Growth of networks and the Internet • Extended use of TCP/IP • Single address per host • Requirements for new types of service

  7. IPv6 Enhancements (1) • Expanded address space • 128 bit • Improved option mechanism • Separate optional headers between IPv6 header and transport layer header • Most are not examined by intermediate routes • Improved speed and simplified router processing • Easier to extend options • Address autoconfiguration • Dynamic assignment of addresses

  8. IPv6 Enhancements (2) • Increased addressing flexibility • Anycast - delivered to one of a set of nodes • Improved scalability of multicast addresses • Support for resource allocation • Replaces type of service • Labeling of packets to particular traffic flow • Allows special handling • e.g. real time video

  9. IPv6Structure

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