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CEESA PROJECT WP 3. FUTURE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

CEESA PROJECT WP 3. FUTURE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS. Birgitte Bak-Jensen Aalborg University (AAU) Poul Alberg Østergaard Aalborg University (AAU) Jayakrishnan R. Pillai PhD. student (AAU) Kai Heussen Ph. Student (DTU Elektro) Morten Lind DTU Jacob Østergaard DTU.

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CEESA PROJECT WP 3. FUTURE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

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  1. CEESA PROJECT WP 3. FUTURE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS Birgitte Bak-Jensen Aalborg University (AAU) Poul Alberg Østergaard Aalborg University (AAU) Jayakrishnan R. Pillai PhD. student (AAU) Kai Heussen Ph. Student (DTU Elektro) Morten Lind DTU Jacob Østergaard DTU

  2. The CEESA project • Background • Objective of Work package: Future Electric Power Systems • Energy storages • Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power • Future Power System Control Architecture OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

  3. The CEESA project CEESA (Coherent Energy and Environmental System Analysis) • Overall idea of the project: • Concerns three major challenges of future sustainable energy system. • Integration of the transport sector • Development of future power system, suitable for the integration of distributed renewable energy sources • Development of public regulation in an international market.

  4. The CEESA project • For a range of scenarios the work will be carried out in four transversal themes and then gathered for developing tools and methodologies for a new generation of coherent energy and environmental analysis.

  5. 30% renewable energy by 2025 in Denmark • 50% electricity consumption from wind power. • Double the present wind power capacity. • Reduce the use of fossil fuels by 15% from the current level (Danish Energy Authority, 2007 ) • Expected electricity consumption in 2025 – 38TWh (2005 – 35TWh) • Estimated electricity generation capacity in 2025 – 12,900MW • Wind power – 6,500MW • Central power stations – 4,100MW • Local CHP – 2,300MW (Energinet.dk, 2007) BACKGROUND

  6. Balancing the electricity system • Wind energy is produced, when wind blows, not when power is demanded. • At 10% wind penetration, increase in reserves are 2-4% of the installed wind power capacity. • Extra system costs of €2-4/MWh (EU, 2005) • In Denmark, for 20% wind penetration, increased reserve requirements of 5% of the wind capacity. (Holttinen, 2005) • Realised by central and local power plants in Denmark and abroad. HIGH PENETRATION OF RENEWABLES - MAJOR CHALLENGE

  7. BALANCING SOLUTIONS • New Network Interconnections • Great belt Link 1 (600MW, 2010), Great belt Link 2 (600MW, 2018), Germany - West Denmark (2500MW, 2025), Norway - West Denmark (1600MW, 2013) • (Energinet.dk, 2007) • Regulation of wind power production (Grid codes) • Energy Management • Demand response • Heat pumps and electric boliers • Energy Storages • Electric Vehicles

  8. WP3. Future Electric Power systems Traditional Power Systems have a hierachical vertical control and operation:

  9. WP3. Future Electric Power systems • Future Power Systems will have a horizontal control and operation because of the Distributed Generation (DG) and the integration at Distribution level: • DG integration affects the network technically in a number of different ways and Distribution Network Operators (DNO) must keep high system availability and power quality. • Radical shift in the philosophy of operation and development of distribution networks: from traditionally passive toactive systems. • DNO must develop new strategies for both grid operation and control. • Can energy-storages be helpful considering feeding electrical vehicles or other kind of transportation from the distribution network.

  10. OBJECTIVE To investigate and evaluate the use of energy storage systems and electric vehicles to optimize the performance of future electric power systems dominated by renewable energy generators and find the associated control strategy for this system.

  11. WP3. Future Electric Power systems • Problems to be dealt with: • Static and Dynamic simulations of the new power systems structure. • Model of network grid with special focus on the distribution network for static load flow simulations • Power generation units • Existing (Central power plants, CHP, Wind Turbines) • Future (solar systems, micro turbines, small units at individual customers) • Etc • Loads • Linear and non-linear • Different load categories (City, rural, industry etc.) • Special loads • Units for supplying vehicles • Units for generation of hydrogen • Transmission lines (meshed or radial) • Transformers • Energy storages • Etc.

  12. WP3. Future Electric Power systems • Static and Dynamic simulations of the new power systems structure continued. • Dynamic model of the network grid, model include all the above units together with: • Protection system components • Relays, switches, fuses etc. • Control systems including custom power systems for voltage and reactive power control • Evaluation, analysis and the selection of future control strategies for different structures. • Development of an active control structure at the distribution level • Analysis of new trends for control

  13. ENERGY STORAGES

  14. ENERGY STORAGES Source: Energy storage.org

  15. ENERGY STORAGES - DENMARK • Pumped Hydro Storage • Hydro reservoirs in Sweden and Norway (”Virtual storage”) • Compressed Air Energy Storage • Optimal CAES supports 55% wind integration (G.Salgi and H.Lund, 2008) • Flow batteries • Vanadium Redox batteries (Renewable support) (Danish Energy Authority, 2004) • Batteries • Lead acid (kW applications) • NiMH, Li-Ion (electric vehicles)

  16. VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G)

  17. VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G) POWER • On an average, cars are parked 23 hours a day. • If 13% of 2 million cars, converted to electric, the energy stored in vehicles can supply the average electricity demand in Denmark. (Kempton, 2006) • Plug in at home, office parking lots. • Bidirectional power transfer. Source: Kempton, 2005

  18. Vehicles can store energy during low demand period and supply when power is required. • Vehicles can act as a controllable load to buffer variable renewable energy and power system peaks. • Grid operator could use the energy stored in the plugged-in vehicles for power balance. • Vehicle owners will be payed for the power balancing services. V2G POWER Source: Tomic, 2005

  19. V2G VEHICLES • Battery electric vehicles • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles • Fuel cell electric vehicles Source: Kempton, 2005

  20. V2G APPLICATIONS – POWER SYSTEMS • Peak load power • Periods of higher power requirement, 4-6 hours a day • Spinning reserve • Extra online generation • To meet system failures (Loss of Transmission line, Generator etc.) • 20 times a year, 10 min – 1 hour duration • Regulation • Online generation to ensure steady system voltage and frequency • 400 times a day, few minutes duration Source: Letendre, 2007

  21. OBSERVATIONS • Battery electric vehicles are ideal for regulating power applications. • Fuel cell electric vehicles has better power handling capability for spinning reserve applications. • Power limited by the line capacity (15-20kW). • With rapid development of high storage capacity batteries and fuel cells technology, less number of electric vehicles can realise the above scenario. • Social synergy between electric vehicles and renewable energy in ensuring CO2 - free electricity and transportation.

  22. WORK PLAN – WP 3.1 • Modelling of aggregate and distributed configurations of energy storages, V2G systems and renewables. • Load flow analysis of future Danish electric networks to verify electric power balance. • Stability and short circuit studies. • Technoeconomic analysis of storage/V2G supported future electric power systems.

  23. FUTURE POWER SYSTEM CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

  24. What is ”Power System Control Architecture" ? The classic picture • Active (control) • Transmission connected: Generation • Control of Frequency (ubiquitous)fTransmission Voltage V • Passive (no control) • Distribution Systems – LoadPredictable daily / seasonal variation V V P Q V ØrstedDTU Centre for Electric Technology

  25. What is ”Power System Control Architecture" ? The classic picture + some Wind (DER) • Active (control) • Transmission connected: Generation • Control of Frequency (ubiquitous)fTransmission Voltage V • Passive (no control) • Distribution Systems – LoadPredictable daily / seasonal variation • Distributed Generation”negative load” V V P Q V ØrstedDTU Centre for Electric Technology

  26. What is ”Power System Control Architecture" ? Storage Control? V V V V CHP Micro CHP ØrstedDTU Centre for Electric Technology

  27. The Challenge to Control Architecture • The classic architecture is challenged by distributed input • understand of how to integrate DER into PS control • Future ”active” Distribution Systems ØrstedDTU Centre for Electric Technology

  28. New Technologies Virtual Power Plant (VPP) Commercial integration of DER Microgrids, Cells Technical Full-Control Solution Demand Control Dispatchable load, DFR, … Centralization: Decentralization: unit intelligence, (power electronics), more inputs… More Challenges … Less Inertia ? More stochastic influence Uncontrollable inputs Unobserved power flows Evaluate ”efficiency” of Solutions ”Storage” integration Ownership and regulation issues Who may control what? Trends in Power System Control somes unsolved questions! ØrstedDTU Centre for Electric Technology

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