The Language of the Green Industries

1. The Language of the Green Industries Category E Turf and Ornamentals Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Chapter 1

2. Introduction • In order to communicate with other professionals you need to understand: • Plant structure. • How plants grow. • Plant nomenclature and classification.

3. Terms • Angiosperm—plant that produces seeds within the pistil (ovary). • Corm—a type of a bulb that develops from a swollen base of a main stem e.g. gladiolus and crocus. • Fruit—the mature or “ripened” ovary and ovules of an angiosperm. • Gymnosperm—a plant that produces seeds in open scales, usually in cones, such as pine, fir, and spruce. • Herbaceous plants—any annual or perennial plant with a non-woody stem that dies back to the roots in winter. • Hybrid—a plant produced by controlled cross-fertilization of two related angiosperms. Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the Green Industries

4. Terms • Organ—a unique combination or arrangement of plant tissues that performs a major function in a plant. • Organelle—a structure within an individual plant cell that performs a major function within the cell. • Pollination—the sexual propagation of a plant, resulting when pollen (sperm) enters the pistil (ovary) of a flower. • Rhizome—an underground stem that spreads to produce new above ground shoots. • Woody plants—plants whose basic stem structures are perennial with annual growth rings visible in cross section of the stem. Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the Green Industries

5. Terms • Translocation—the movement of water and nutrients through the organs of a plant. • Microclimate—a small area with a climate distinctly different from the surrounding climate, caused by slight differences in exposure, elevation, slope, shade, or even soil mulch. Category E--- Chapter 1 The Language of the Green Industries

6. The Parts of a Plant The Cells • The cell is the building block for plants. • Structures within cells that perform a major function are organelles.

7. The Parts of a Plant TheCells • Tissues—groups of cells related by structure or function. • Tissues form organs • Roots • Stem • Leaves • Reproductive structures

8. The Parts of a Plant The Stem • Nodes—the leaf attachment points on the stem. • Internode—the portion of stem between two leaves.

9. The Parts of a Plant TheMeristems • Meristems—cells that retain the ability for rapid cell division (growth). • Areas of the plant that contain meristems: • Root apex • Terminal and lateral shoots • Vascular cambium • Leaf margins • Apical meristem—the growing tip at the end of the stem.

10. The Parts of a Plant TheVascular Cambium • Vascular cambium—divides and is responsible for the increase in caliper (girth). Is a secondary meristem. • The vascular cambium produces the tissues which become: • Xylem—conductswater and nutrients, the dead inner layers of xylem are ‘sapwood.’ • Phloem—translocates carbohydrates produced in the leaves and other mobile inorganic nutrients.

11. The Parts of a PlantTheCork Cambium • Cork cambium—spongy, cells outside the secondary phloem containing suberin, a water repellant substance.

12. The Parts of a PlantTheLeaves

13. The Parts of a PlantLeaf Arrangements • A simple leaf consists of a blade, a petiole, and stipules.

14. The Parts of a PlantLeaf Arrangements • A compound leaf consists of 2 or more leaflets.

15. Palmate The Parts of a PlantCompoundLeaf Veination Pinnate

16. The Parts of a PlantRoots • The roots anchor the plant to the ground and absorb nutrients and water from the soil.

17. The Parts of a PlantRoot Systems Taproot---one main root from which branch roots extend Fibrous roots---many branching roots

18. The Parts of a PlantFlowers • Typical flower parts: • Receptacle • Sepals (collectively calyx) • Petals (collectively corolla) • Stamen • Pistil

19. The Parts of a PlantFlowers • Flowers that contain both stamens and pistils are said to be perfect or complete. • Species that have incomplete flowers on different parts of the same plant are monoecious. • Species that male and female parts on different plants are dioecious.

20. The Parts of a PlantFruit and Seeds • In botany fruit means a ripened ovary. • Seed consists of: • Seed coat • An dormant embryo • Stored food (usually) • Food is stored in the cotyledon/s/ and in endosperm. • Monocots (monocotyledonous) seeds that have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) e.g. grass. • Dicots (dicotyledonous) seeds that have 2 seed leaves.

21. The Parts of a PlantFruit and Seeds • Monocots (monocotyledonous) seeds that have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) e.g. grass. • Dicots (dicotyledonous) seeds that have 2 seed leaves. Example of ‘seed leaves’ on a tomato

22. How Plants GrowSeed Germination and Cuttings • Propagation—the reproduction of plants by sexual or asexual means. • Sexual reproduction by seeds • Germination—begins when specific light, temperature, moisture, and pre-germination requirements are met. Seeds begin to take up moisture. • Germination is complete when the embryonic root (radical) and the primary shoot are visible. • Asexual (vegetative) reproduction from cuttings • Cuttings—portions of root, stem, or leaf tissue used for asexual reproduction (vegetative). • Shoots arising from root, stem, or leaf portions are called adventitious because they arise from an “unexpected” location.

23. How Plants GrowPhotosynthesis • Photosynthesis—the conversion of light to energy. • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts the organelles that contain chlorophyll. • Pigments in the chloroplast • Chlorophyll ‘A’ captures light (antennae chlorophyll) and converts light to chemical energy (photosensitive chlorophyll). • Chlorophyll ‘B’ helps capture light for Chlorophyll ‘A’ doesnot convert light. • Carotenes help capture light and protect light destruction of chlorophyll.

24. How Plants GrowPhotosynthesis and Respiration • Photosynthate—the products of photosynthesis, primarily glucose. • Glucose can be converted to starch in the chloroplast or it may be transformed into sucrose. • Sucrose is the major sugar translocated via the phloem. • Aerobic respiration • All cells continuously convert glucose, sucrose or starch into energy needed to maintain the plant’s metabolism and growth • The process is aerobic because oxygen is consumed. • Carbon dioxide and water are produced in this process.

25. How Plants GrowCell Growth • Cell division—mitosis increases the numbers of cells in meristems (shoots, roots, buds, leaf margins). • Cell enlargement—new cell growth increases length (elongation) or girth. • Cell differentiation—new cells change structure or function to produce organelles e.g. chloroplasts or xylem.

26. How Plants GrowPlant Growth Hormones • Plant growth hormones—regulate and control plant growth. They are effective in very small concentration and are translocated from the site of production to where they are used. • 5 groups of plant hormones: • Auxins are responsible for apical dominance, when the apical meristem is removed lateral buds will begin active growth. • Gibberellins promote cell enlargement, can stimulate seed germination for some species.

27. How Plants GrowPlant Growth Hormones • 5 groups of plant hormones: • Cytokinins are translocated from roots—promote cell division, help regulate stomatal closure, and may prevent senescence (aging) in some plant parts. • Ethylene inhibits, is naturally produced by ripening fruits. Synthetic ethylenes are available. • Abscisic acid inhibits growth, keeps seeds dormant.

28. How Plants GrowEnvironmental Factors • Plant growth can controlled (to a degree) by modifying light, water, temperature and nutrients. • The 3 essential nutrients to plant growth • Nitrogen—is responsible for vigorous growth and dark green color. The 2 forms of nitrogen for plant uptake are nitrate and ammonium. • Phosphorous—is important for root growth, flowering, and plant vigor. • Potassium—is important for protein production (synthesis), metabolic functions, water relations. • Perform soil tests to determine actual fertilizer needs.

29. Plant Nomenclature and Classification • System of nomenclature was developed in the 1700’s by Carl Linneaus. • A specific plant can have only one scientific name. • Latin binomial (two part) scientific names— • Genus (capitalized) and • species (not capitalized). • The system also includes categories with the species • variety (abbreviated var.) • subspecies (abbreviated ssp.) • Cultivar (abbreviated cv.) derived from ‘cultivated variety.’ • Hybrids are genetic crosses of 2 or more species. In most cases hybrids are shown as genus X cultivar.

30. Plant Nomenclature and Classification Examples Genus Species Common Name Viburnum trilobum American Highbush Cranberry Genus Species Botanical variety Common Name Clematis dioscoreifolia var. robusta Sweet Autumn Clematis Genus Species Cultivar Common Name Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’ ‘Northwood’ Red Maple Genus Species Cultivar Common Name Malus X ‘Radiant’ ‘Radiant’ Flowering Crabapple

31. Plant Nomenclature Legal Protection to Plant Breeders • Contracts—producers produce and sell a cultivar under the contract name and pay royalties. • Patents—legal monopolies (17 years) that prohibit propagation or sale unless royalties are paid to the breeder. • Trademarks—producers/seller must pay a royalty to use the trademark. Trademarks do not expire.

32. Plant ClassificationLife Cycles and Growth Habits • Annuals complete their lifecycle in 1 year. • Biennials produce vegetative growth the 1st year and bloom the 2nd year.

33. Plant ClassificationLife Cycles and Growth Habits • Perennials live more than 2 years • Woody perennials have persistent stems • Herbaceous perennials die back to the ground • Growth habit—how a plant tends to grow • Groundcovers present horizontal effect • Shrubs—more than 1 stem and height less than 20 feet • Trees—usually a single stem and height more than 20 feet.