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SOP-0 Implementation

SOP-0 Implementation. Jim Haywood (Met Office) Jacques Pelon (CNRS) Tony Slingo (ESSC) Paola Formenti (LISA) Philippe Goloub (LOA) Sean Milton (Met Office). SOP-0 implementation. Objectives:

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SOP-0 Implementation

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  1. SOP-0 Implementation Jim Haywood (Met Office) Jacques Pelon (CNRS) Tony Slingo (ESSC) Paola Formenti (LISA) Philippe Goloub (LOA) Sean Milton (Met Office)

  2. SOP-0 implementation Objectives: • To provide high quality in-situ and remote sensing measurements of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol and combinations of the two • To provide high quality spectral measurements of the effects of aerosol upon the radiation budget. • To determine the consistency of in-situ/satellite/ surface based observations/retrievals • To better determine the source regions, source strengths and emission factors of aerosols/gases. • Improvement and validation of numerical models (global and regional, climate and NWP)

  3. SOP-0 implementation MODIS image, 7th January 2005 Mineral dust Fires (red boxes) Smoke Gulf of Gineau

  4. SOP-0 • When: January – February, 2006 (SOP-0). • Resources: • Aircraft (based in Niamey / Dakar) • F20 (40.5hours) • ATR-42 (49.5hours) • BAe146 (40hrs +40hrs(?)) • Surface sites • Banizoumbou, Djougou, M’Bour (fully equipped including aerosol lidar, aerosol and radiation equipment) • CIMELS sunphotometers (8 sites) • Mobile ARM facility (Niamey) • Radiosonde ascents • 2/day from sites within aircraft operating range

  5. Aircraft Capabilities

  6. F20 aircraft (concentrate on remote sensing) • The F20 aircraft will perform remote sensing and radiation measurements:- • Aerosol profiles (lidar LEANDRE New generation (LNG)) • Brightness temperatures (DIRAC IR radiometer) • Aerosol Optical thickness, Size Distribution (OSIRIS and MINIMIR+MICROPOL, polarization and directionality of earth reflectances from 440 to 2200 nm) • Brightness temperatures (CLIMAT Multichannel thermal infrared radiometer)

  7. ATR-42 (concentrate on in-situ measurements) Aerosol in-situ measurements. • size distribution (wing-mounted PCASP, FSSP, X-PROBE; GRIMM, DMPS, PCASP) • aerosol chemistry (filter sampling, impactor sampling) • aerosol scattering and back-scattering (3 channel TSI nephelometer) • aerosol absorption (7 channel Magee aethalometer) • aerosol UV backscattering profile (1 channel lidar) • aerosol optical depth (PLASMA sun photometer) • total aerosol number (CNC) • cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN) • cloud absorption (CVI PSAP) • cloud and interstitial particle size spectra (DMPS CVI; LAS CVI) Radiation measurements: • solar irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.3-3.0mm). • UV irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.29–0.39mm). • terrestrial irradiance (upper and lower pyrgeometers 4.0–45mm). • solar radiances (SWS instrument) • j(NO2) fluxes (upper and lower METEO CONSULT) Gas phase measurements: • Ozone concentrations (UV THERMOELECTRON 49PS) • CO concentrations (UV THERMOELECTRON 48CS)

  8. BAe146 instrumentation (in-situ & remote sensing) Aerosol in situ measurements: • size distribution (wing-mounted PCASP, FSSP, SID; CVI, PCASP, VACC, PCASP) • aerosol chemistry (Aerodyne mass spectrometer, VACC, filter sampling) • aerosol scattering and back-scattering (3 channel TSI nephelometer) • aerosol absorption (PSAP) • hygroscopic growth (3 channel RH controlled TSI nephelometer) • total aerosol number (CNC) • cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCN) • Aerosol ice nucleation counter (INC) • Aerosol lidar (probably not) Radiation measurements: • solar irradiances (upper and lower Eppley BBRs 0.3-0.7mm, 0.3-3.0mm). • terrestrial irradiance (upper and lower pyrgeometers 3.0-30mm). • solar radiances (SWS instrument) • terrestrial radiances (ARIES spectral interferometer). Gas phase measurements: • CO, O3, NOx, NMHCs, PAN Dropsonde system is also installed for T and RH.

  9. Surface sites - Banizoumbou, Djougou, M’Bour Aerosol in-situ measurements: • Aerosol size distributions (impactors, PCASP, DMA) • Aerosol chemistry/minerology (impactors) • Aerosol scattering (nephelometer) • Aerosol absorption (PSAP/aethelometer) Aerosol remote sensing: • M’Bour – MPLnet sation (2005 onwards) • Banizoumbou & Djougou – lidar from Uni of Munich ISAC/CNR, LOA/CNRS

  10. CIMELS sites

  11. ARM Mobile Facility ARM mobile facility to be located at Niamey airport (Tony Slingo, PI Radagast, Peter Lamb)

  12. ARM Mobile facility measurements (RADAGAST) Atmospheric Profiling • Balloon-borne Sounding System (BBSS) • Microwave Radiometer Profiler (MWR-P). 5-minute temperature, vapour, and liquid water content profile Clouds • W-band (95 GHz) Cloud Radar. Microwave Radiometer (MWR) • Micropulse Lidar (MPL) • Vaisala Ceilometer (VCEIL) • Total Sky Imager Radiometers • Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (MAERI). IR interferometer. • Infrared Thermometer (IRT) • Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) • Broad-Band Instruments • Pyranometers • Pyrgeometers • Pyrheliometers • Radiometric Instrument Systems (groupings of individual broadband instruments at sites) • Upwelling Radiation (GNDRAD) • Downwelling Radiation (SKYRAD) Surface Meteorology • Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System (ECOR) • Surface Meteorological Instruments (SMET)

  13. Radiosonde asents/local synoptic visibility measurements • Radiosonde ascents will be requested 2 times/day during the SOP-0 at sites close to the aircraft operations. • Local synoptic visibility/significant weather from Met stations will be reported to the operations centre at Niamey airport.

  14. Deployment of aircraft • F20 – 15th January to 15th February (will be cut to 3 weeks according to Jaques Pelon) • ATR-42 – 15th January to 15th February (will be cut to 3 weeks according to Jaques Pelon). • BAe146 – 9th January (transit out) – 17th January (back to UK). All aircraft will be based in Niamey (although the BAe147 may also base in Dakar for a period).

  15. DABEX – operating range • BAe146 • Approximate operating range when operating from Niamey at:- • Transit speed (30,000ft) • Science speed (5,000ft) • Niamey – Sal: possible at 30,000ft • Niamey – Dakar: not possible at 5,000ft (science speed) • Need more information on diversion airports etc.

  16. Satellite retrievals (aerosol) Polar orbitting satellites with confirmed interest:- • MODIS (Kaufman) • MISR (Kahn) • AATSR (de Leuuw) Geostationary satellite with confirmed interest:- • MSG-8 GERB (Slingo) • MSG-8 (Brindley)

  17. Modelling – NWP & climate models in the Met Office • Met Office global NWP and CAM models have been trialling inclusion of mineral dust. Climate model simulations need improvement via validation. NWP models a) Initial calculations have been performed using fixed climatologies and show a relatively large effect on AEJ. b) Further calculations are planned using interactive dust model (under development). The data from SOP-0 will be used for improving the physical and radiative properties of mineral dust and biomass burning particles and for validation of the production/transport/ deposition of aerosols. Climate models a) Biomass burning and mineral dust modules are included, but they are poorly constrained and do not interact with each other. The model can be driven by meteorological data. Data will be used for both improving the aerosol parameterisations in the climate model.

  18. Training Wherever possible African meteorologists/ scientists will be encouraged to fully participate in:- • Flight planning • Flight decision making • Flight debriefs New CAO regulations make it difficult to carry ‘unauthorised’ scientists on the BAe146 which is the only practical aircraft for flying guest scientists.

  19. Supplemental science follows:

  20. C-130 measurements during the SaHAran Dust Experiment (SHADE). Dust advected off coast Sal Track of C-130 Dakar SeaWiFs real-color image on 25th September 2000. Adapted from Tanré et al., SHADE Special Issue, JGR, 2003

  21. Solar effects are only part of the story - the terrestrial radiative effect is also significant. Measurements using ARIES (cm-1 resolution interferometer) clearly show the effect of Saharan dust in the 8-12mm atmospheric window. AVHRR Ch5 AVHRR Ch4 Dusty Clear Nadir views from 18,000ft (R6) (above aerosol). Measured surface temperature (from 100ft) 302.5K

  22. Data from 12Z, July 2003 Cloud screened data The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget instrument (GERB) shows significantly less OLR over regions of the desert during July 2003. What is the explanation?

  23. If we account for the effect of the aerosol on the SW at the surface which reduces the surface temperature and hence reduces the OLR as well, we end up with this. Which is in good agreement with the dOLR between GERB and the UM.

  24. dOLR 12Z on 2/07/2003 (24H forecast from 01/07/2003) OSW Control – OSW Aerosol Increased reflection Decreased/neutral reflection

  25. Analysis The altitude of the AEJ (and possibly the latitude) is in better agreement with the analysis when aerosols included Zonal winds from 2.5-7.5W Control (T+120) Aerosols (T+120)

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