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Introduction to Ophthalmology

This introduction to ophthalmology covers the anatomy, function, and diseases of the eyes and visual system. It explores the role of ophthalmologists and the different subspecialties within ophthalmology. The curriculum template for ophthalmology at Al Neelain University is also provided.

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Introduction to Ophthalmology

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  1. اعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم {قَالُواْ سُبْحَانَكَ لاَ عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلاَّ مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ } MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  2. MAHGOUB SALEEM MBBS (U of K) , DORCS (Eng.) , MRCOphth (UK), FRCOphth(UK) , FICS , FACS (USA) SENIOR CONSULTANT OPHTHALMOLOGIST ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR FACULTY OF MEDICINE AL NEELAIN UNIVERCITY MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  3. Introduction MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  4. What is Ophthalmology? Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine specializing in the anatomy, function and diseases of the eye and visual system. MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  5. Ophthalmologist Is a physician who specializes in the medical and surgical care of the eyes and visual system and in the prevention of eye disease and injury MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  6. ER Dr GP Family Physician Ophthalmic Health Care Providers Ophthalmologist Optometrist Optician Ophthalmic technologist Ophthalmic assistant Ophthalmic nurse Resp Clerck Security MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  7. PG Degrees DO RC MRCOphth FRCOphth FRCS MD Ophth (American Board , etc..) MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  8. PG Colleges The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) The Royal College of Surgeons [FRCS] American Academy of Ophthalmology ( AAO) (AArab Board OphthBOphth) Sudan Medical Specialisation Board ( SMSB) International Council of Ophthalmologists [ICO] MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  9. Subspecialties in Ophthalmology: 1.Cornea ,Refractive surgery and External Disease 2.Glaucoma3.Neuro-Ophthalmology 4.Ophthalmic Pathology 5.Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery 6.Pediatric Ophthalmology 7.Vitreoretinal Diseases Surgical Rretina Medical Retina Diabetic E D 8. Community Ophthalmology MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  10. 8. Community Ophthalmology Preventive Ophthalmology PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  11. Ophthalmic Journals AJO Archives of Ophthalmology BJO Cornea Digital JO Ophthalmology Eye ESCRS Journal of Catract and Refractive Surgery Journal of Glaucoma SJO(SUD) SJO (KSA) MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  12. BASIC Ocular Anatomy Ocular Physiology Ocular Pharmacology Ocular therapeutics Ocular Genetics + G.Anatomy G.Physiology Microbiology Genetics Statistics MAHGOUB SALEEM INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  13. FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM TEMPLATE AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM MAHGOUB SALEEM ~ INTRODUCTION TO OPHTHALMOLOGY

  14. Course Title Ophthalmology 401MOphthal Code 4 Credit hours • Credit hours Semester Seven • Intended Semester AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  15. Course overview • The increasing age of the world population. • The high prevalence of common ophthalmic • problems. • The importance of vision in the information age. • Recognition of many ophthalmic manifestations of medical , neurological , metabolic systemic diseases • etc...... .(Obgye., surgery, trumatology, Paed) AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  16. Course overview • Recognition of many ophthalmic manifestations of • medical , neurological , and metabolic systemic diseases. The Eye is linked with all adjacent and remote structures and organs of the body so ocular manifestations are so common in many if not all systemic diseases SO Ophthalmic examination is really an essential part of clinical examination in any medical case Support the need for the expansion of ophthalmic education for Medical students AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  17. Course overview • Recognition of many ophthalmic manifestations of • medical , neurological , and metabolic systemic diseases. Competent physician The Eye is linked with all adjacent and remote structures and organs of the body so ocular manifestations are so common in many if not all systemic diseases SO Ophthalmic examination is really an essential part of clinical examination in any medical case No clinical examination is completed without an eye examination AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  18. Course overview (cont) Our goal In the Undergraduate Ophthalmology Curriculum Is to provide asolid foundation in ophthalmology to each medical student. A. Ophthalmic Knowledge B. Clinical Ophthalmic Skills By essential AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  19. Course overview (cont) • But due to short time allotted for Ophthalmic Education in medical schools ‘Educational Priorities Scoring System ’ is adopted Education Assessment AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  20. Course overview (cont) ‘Educational Priorities Scoring System ’ AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  21. Course overview (cont) * BASIC LEVEL [60%] 1 **STANDARD LEVEL [20%] 2 *** ADVANCED LEVEL [10%] ‘Educational Priorities Scoring System ’ 3 **** ELECTIVE LEVEL [? %] 4 CONTIONOUS ASSESSMENT [10%] 5 AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  22. Course overview (cont) A) *Basic Level : Information designated with a single asterisk (*) ‘Essential core material’ AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  23. Course overview (cont) B) ** Standard Level : Information designated with two asterisks (**) Reflect a higher level of ophthalmic understanding and future ophthalmic care so it is ‘Useful material’ AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  24. Course overview (cont) C) ***Advanced Level: Information designated with three asterisks (***) Marks areas of advanced cognitive and clinical skills important to future ophthalmic care ‘ Less frequently needed material’ AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  25. Course overview (cont) D) ****Elective Level: Information designated with four asterisks (****) to be ‘ mentioned only’ marks areas of very, advanced cognitive and clinical skills important to future ophthalmic care and career design ‘ Added for completeness’ AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  26. Course overview (cont) The above knowledge and skills fall in 12 ophthalmic subdivisions : AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  27. Course overview (cont) CONTENTS Fundamental and Principles of Ophthalmology Cornea and External Diseases Lens and Cataract Glaucoma Diseases of Eyelids ,Lacrimal System, and Orbit 6. Paediateic Ophthalmology and Strabismis AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  28. Course overview (cont) 7. Vitreoretinal Diseases 8. Neuro-Ophthalmology 9. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 10. Intraocular Tumors 11. Refraction , Refractive Surgery,and Contact Lens 12. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  29. Course overview (cont) CONTENTS For example AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  30. Course overview (cont) CONTENTS Fundamental and Principles of Ophthalmology Cornea and External Diseases Lens and Cataract Glaucoma Diseases of Eyelids ,Lacrimal System, and Orbit 6. Paediateic Ophthalmology and Strabismis AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  31. For example • 1. Fundamental and Principles of • Ophthalmology: • A. Anatomy • Specific Objectives: • A. Anatomy • To Identify the anatomy of the eye, orbit, I,III, IV, V, V, VII • Cranial nerves, papillary and visual pathways, to permit an understanding of medical conditions affecting these structures AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  32. For example • * Gross Anatomy • * Orbit • ** Periorbital Sinuses • ** Bony Orbit • ** Vascular Supply and Drainage of the Orbit • * Eyelids • *Lacrimal Apparatus AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  33. For example • Eyeball • ** Tear Film • * Conjunctiva • ** Tenon`s Capsule • * Sclera • * Limbus • ** Episclera • * Cornea • * Uveal Tract • * a. Iris • * b. Ciliary Body • * c. Choroid • ** Anterior Chamber AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  34. For example *** Anterior Chamber Angle ** Aqueous Humor * Retina ** Vitreous * Extraocular Muscles * Cranial Nerves * Optic Nerve (II) ** Visual Pathway ** Oculomotor Nerve (III) *** Pathways for Pupil Reflexes ** Trochlear Nerve (IV) ** Trigeminal Nerve (V) ** Abducens Nerve (VI) ** Facial Nerve (VII) ** Ocular Blood Supply *** Cavernous Sinus **** B. Embryology of the Eye AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  35. For example * Extra Ocular Muscles *Anatomy *Action **Disorders **Squint * MR LR SR IR SO IO AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  36. For example * B. Ocular Examination: Ocular Examination A * Distance Visual Acuity (VA) * Snellen`s test type(6/6, 6/9, 6/12,..6/60 etc ** Snellen`s test type(20/20, 20/40, ..20/200 etc * Counting Fingers (CF) * Hand Movement (HM) * Perception of Light (PL) * No Perception of Light (NPL) ** Social and Legal VA requirements: (Jobs, Driving License etc ** School children screening ** Alternative to Snellen *** Pinhole (PH) **** Log Mar **** Picture tests **** Matching tests **** Contrast Sensitivity AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  37. For example • * Visual Fields (VF) • ** By Confrontation • *** Bjerrum Screen • *** Goldmann perimeter • *** Humphery perimeter • **** interpretation of VFs AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  38. For example • Ophthalmic Equipments and Instruments • ***Perimeters ( Goldmann , Humphery etc) • ****A/B Scanners ****OCT • ****Surgical Microscopes • ****Ophthalmic Operation Table • ****Ophthalmic surgical trays • ****Ophthalmic surgical instruments • ****Bipolar cautary • ****Phaco Machine • ****Vitrectomy Machine • ****Argon Laser • ****Yag Laser • ****Excimer Laser AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  39. For example * History * 1. Age, Sex,Occupation,Resedance,Tribe..etc * 2. Ocular Symptoms [ * mode of onset * duration * eye affected * any glasses or visual device used * double vision * associated non-ocular symptoms] AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  40. For example ** AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  41. For example AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  42. For example AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  43. Knowledge By the end of this course the student should be able to : AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  44. Knowledge Identify The basic ocular anatomy and related cranial nerves ( II, III, IV, V, VI, VII ) Describe The functions of each ocular structure. Identify The rationale and interpretation of testing the Red Reflex By the end of this course the student should be able to : AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  45. Knowledge Define The different refractive states of the eye and their corrections Recognize The symptoms , signs , investigations and causes of orbital diseases 6. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of lid diseases. By the end of this course the student should be able to : AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  46. Knowledge By the end of this course the student should be able to : 7. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of corneal diseases 8.Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of lens diseases 9. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of conjunctivitis AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  47. Knowledge 10. Recognize Symptoms , signs , treatments and deferential diagnosis of Red Eye. 11. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of vitreous diseases 12.Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of retina diseases AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  48. Knowledge 13. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of optic nerve diseases. 14. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of lacrimal system 15. Recognize Symptoms , signs and treatments of glaucoma 16. Recognize Preventable causes of blindness AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  49. Knowledge 17. Identify Cases need routine and urgent referral to Ophthalmologist Or other Ophthalmic Health Care Providers AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

  50. Skills By the end of this course the student should be able to perform : AL NEELAIN UNIVRSITY ~ UNDERGRADUATE OPHTHALMOLOGY CURRICULUM

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