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Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration. Section 9:2. Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen Present. Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the cytosol of prokaryotes. Pyruvic acid, from Glycolysis, diffuses in from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix . The space inside the inner membranes. Overview.

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Aerobic Respiration

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  1. Aerobic Respiration Section 9:2

  2. Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen Present • Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the cytosol of prokaryotes. • Pyruvic acid, from Glycolysis, diffuses in from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. • The space inside the inner membranes

  3. Overview • Krebs or the ETC. will only occur if, CO2, H2O and O2 are ALL present.

  4. inner compartment outer compartment cytoplasm outer mitochondrial membrane inner mitochondrial membrane (see next slide) Fig. 7.5a, p. 114

  5. Aerobic Respiration – before Krebs Cycle • Pyruvic acid joins with coenzyme A (CoA), no carbons, to form acetyl CoA – 2 carbons • CO2 is lost in this process and NAD is reduced to NADH and H+.

  6. Krebs Cycle • Abiochemical pathway that breaks down a molecule, acetyl CoA, producing CO2, NADH, FADH, and ATP and Citric acid. Ultimately producing products that will run cellular respiration. • 5 steps to the Krebs cycle

  7. Step 1 • The 2-carbon acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound, oxaloacetic acid, to form a 6-carbon molecule, citric acid • This step regenerates co-enzyme A

  8. PREPARATORYSTEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H2O NADH H2O NAD+ isocitrate malate NAD+ H2O NADH fumarate a-ketogluterate FADH2 CoA NAD+ FAD NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA Fig. 7.6, p. 115 ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) ATP

  9. Step 2 • Citric acid releases a CO2 and a hydrogen to form a 5-carbon compound • NAD+ accepts an H+ to become NADH and H+.

  10. PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H2O NADH H2O NAD+ isocitrate malate NAD+ H2O NADH fumarate a-ketogluterate FADH2 CoA NAD+ FAD NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA Fig. 7.6, p. 115 ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) ATP

  11. Step 3 • The 5-carbon compound releases CO2 and H+ to form a 4-carbon compound. • NAD+ is reduced again to NADH and One molecules of ATP is made

  12. PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H2O NADH H2O NAD+ isocitrate malate NAD+ H2O NADH fumarate a-ketogluterate FADH2 CoA NAD+ FAD NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA Fig. 7.6, p. 115 ADP + phosphategroup (fromGTP) ATP

  13. Step 4 • The 4-carbon compound releases hydrogen • The hydrogen forms with FAD+ to form FADH2. FAD is another electron acceptor.

  14. PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H2O NADH H2O NAD+ isocitrate malate NAD+ H2O NADH fumarate a-ketogluterate FADH2 CoA NAD+ FAD NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA Fig. 7.6, p. 115 ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) ATP

  15. Step 5 • The 4-carbon compound releases a hydrogen to REFORMoxaloacetic acid • NAD+ is reduced again to NADH and H+

  16. PREPARATORY STEPS pyruvate coenzyme A (CoA) NAD+ (CO2) NADH CoA Acetyl–CoA KREBS CYCLE CoA oxaloacetate citrate H2O NADH H2O NAD+ isocitrate malate NAD+ H2O NADH fumarate a-ketogluterate FADH2 CoA NAD+ FAD NADH succinate CoA succinyl–CoA Fig. 7.6, p. 115 ADP + phosphate group (from GTP) ATP

  17. Glycolysis, produces 2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. • One molecule of glucose from glycolysis needs 2 turns of the Krebs to produce: • Summary: 10 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 4 CO2. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH (both energy molecules) will drive the next stage of cellular respiration in the Electron Transport Chain.

  18. Krebs Cycle conclusion • Location – Mitochondrial Matrix (space inside the inner membrane) • Function – Produce CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH and Citric Acid. • Reactants – Pyruvic Acid, Acetlyl-CoA, Oxaloacitic Acid, NAD, FAD, ADP and C0enzyme A. • Products – CO2 NADH, FADH, ATP and Citric acid.

  19. The Electron Transport Chain in Cellular Respiration

  20. Cellular Respiration • The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

  21. Electron Transport Chain • A chemical reaction that uses high energy electrons made in the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. • Aerobic – means with oxygen • Anaerobic – means without oxygen

  22. Electron Transport Chain • ATP is produced when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms, regenerating NAD+ and FAD+. • This occurs along the lining of the inner membranes of the mitochondria.

  23. Steps of ETC • 1. Electrons from the hydrogens atoms of NADH and FADH are passed along a series of molecules, losing energy along the way.

  24. 2. This energy pumps protons from the matrix to the other side of the membrane. • This creates a concentration gradient across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

  25. OUTER COMPARTMENT NADH INNER COMPARTMENT Fig. 7.7a, p. 116

  26. 3. This high proton concentration is what drives chemiosmosis ( ATP production) into the inner membrane. ATP synthase is located in the inner membrane. ATP is made as protons move down their concentration gradient in the mitochondria.

  27. Oxygen’s Role • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, accepting electrons from the last molecule in the ETC. • This allows ATP to continue to be synthesized. • Oxygen also accepts the hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH. • This combination of electron, hydrogens and oxygen forms WATER!!!!! O2 + e- +H- = H2O

  28. ATP NADH INNER COMPARTMENT ADP+Pi Fig. 7.7b, p. 116

  29. Energy Yield • Per molecule of glucose, 36 ATP’s are produced. 2 in Glycolysis, and approximately, 4 in Krebs and 30 in ETC. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  30. 1 Pyruvate from cytoplasm enters inner mitochondrial compartment. OUTER COMPARTMENT 4 As electrons move through the transport system, H+ is pumped to outer compartment. NADH 3 NADH and FADH2 give up electrons and H+ to membrane-bound electron transport systems. acetyl-CoA NADH Krebs Cycle NADH ATP ATP 5 Oxygen accepts electrons, joins with H+ to form water. ATP 2 Krebs cycle and preparatory steps: NAD+ and FADH2 accept electrons and hydrogen stripped from the pyruvate. ATP forms. Carbon dioxide forms. ATP free oxygen ADP + Pi INNER COMPARTMENT 6 Following its gradients, H+ flows back into inner compartment, through ATP synthases. The flow drives ATP formation. Fig. 7.5b, p. 114

  31. Krebs Cycle and ETC. • Both the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport chain can not proceed without the presence of • O2 • H2O • CO2

  32. Conclusion of Electron Transport Chain • Location – Lining of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • Function – Produce ATP and water • Reactants – NADH, FADH, ADP and O2. • Products – NAD, FAD, ATP and Water

  33. Order of processes in Cellular Respiration. • 1. Glycolysis • 2. Krebs cycle • 3. Electron Transport Chain

  34. # of carbon atoms in compounds • CO2 – 1 PGA - 3 • RuBP – 5 PGAL - 3 • Glucose – 6 • Oxaloacitic Acid – 4 • Acetyl Co-A – 2 • Pyruvic Acid – 3 • Citric Acid – 6 • Lactic Acid – 3 • Ethyl Alcohol – 2 • Co-enzyme A - 0

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