Cell Cycle & Mitosis: Animated Guide

1. CELL CYCLE

2. Mitosis

4. Cell Cycle Animations and Podcasts: Professor Dave Explainsthe Cell Cycle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqJqhA8HSJ0 Bozeman Science: http://www.bozemanscience.com/028-cell-cycle-mitosis-and-meiosis/ The Amoeba Sisters: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpAa4TWjHQ4 Control of the Cell Cycle: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120082/bio34a.swf::Control%20of%20the%20Cell%20Cycle How the Cell Cycle Works: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle.html Mitosis and Cytokinesis: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zem3sI8el_I&app=desktop

5. The functions of cell division: Reproduction

6. Eukaryotic Chromosomes

7. The functions of cell division: Growth and development

8. Mitosis • The form of cell division by which a eukaryotic somatic cellduplicates. • Mitosis is asexual reproduction. • Cell divisionis the continuation of life based on the reproduction of cells.

9. The Asexual Reproduction of a Hydra Budding

10. Skin Cell Skin Cell 2n=46 two identical daughter cells 2n=46 2n=46 Skin Cell Mitosis

11. Somatic Reproduction • Most eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually by mitosis. • Somatic cellsare all body cells(like nerve, liver, etc...) except sperm and ova (egg). • All somatic cells have the same number of chromosomes.

12. S phase G1 G2 interphase Mitosis -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase Cell Cycle

13. Mitotic division Cell Cycle • The dividing and non-dividing stages in the life of a cell. • Phases: 1. Interphase: growth and DNA replication 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

14. Molecular Control of the Cell Cycle at the G2 Checkpoint

15. Interphase • Comprises about 90% of the cell cycle. • Cellular growth: a. protein synthesis b. metabolic activities c. DNAsynthesis • Made up of three phases: 1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase

16. Interphase 1. G1 (gap) phase: a. Cellular growth, protein synthesis and metabolic activities. 2. S phase: a. DNA synthesis/replication takes place. • G2 (gap) phase: a. organelles replicated, chromosomes condense, microtubules assemble b. Preparation for M phase.

17. Interphase • Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin Nuclear membrane cell membrane nucleolus

18. Question: • What is a chromosome?

19. chromosome Answer: • A chromosome is made up of a DNA - histone proteincomplex called chromatin. Chromatin is a long, thin fiber that is folded and coiled to form chromosomes. DNA double helix Histone proteins

20. Question: • What is a replicated chromosome?

21. chromosome S phase: chromosomes replicate chromatid chromosome chromatid centromere Answer: • A replicated chromosome consist of two strands of identical chromosomal material called chromatids (sister chromatids).

22. Chromosome Duplication and Distribution During Mitosis

23. Question: • When is a chromatid a chromatid?

24. centromere chromosome chromatid • A chromatid is a chromatid as long as it is held in association with a sisterchromatid at the centromere. Chromatid

25. Mitotic Phase • Mitosis a. nuclear division of genetic material. b. prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase • Cytokinesis a. cytoplasmic division. b. Indicator of telophase.

26. The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: G2 phase; prophase; prometaphase

27. The stages of mitotic cell division in an animal cell: metaphase; anaphase; telophase and cytokinesis.

28. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

29. Prophase • Longest phase of mitosis • Nucleolus disappears • Chromatin material condenses into chromosomes, consisting of two sister chromatids.

30. Prophase • Centrioles move apart (not found in plants). • Spindle fibers form and attach from centrioles to centromeres. • Nuclear envelope fragments and disappears.

31. early prophase late prophase centrioles spindle fibers aster fibers nuclear envelope disappearing centromere Prophase

32. Question: How are the chromosomes attached to the centrioles?

33. spindle fibers centromere centriole spindle fibers spindle fiber sister chromatid sister chromatid Answer: Spindle Fibers

34. Metaphase • Shortestphase • Centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell and attached with spindle fibers • Chromosomes move to the metaphase plate (equatorial plate - center of cell).

35. centrioles spindle fibers spindle fibers metaphase plate Metaphase

36. Metaphase

37. Karyotypes are typically made during metaphase. • A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.

38. Anaphase • Centromeres uncouple and spindle fibers shorten. • Sister chromatids separate and move apart. • After separation, chromatids are now considered chromosomes.

39. Anaphase • During this phase, the cell contains twice the normal number of chromosomes. • Cell begins to elongate. • At the end, there are equal numbers of chromosomes at the poles.

40. spindle fibers centrioles spindle fibers Anaphase No longer sister chromatids, now chromosomes

41. cell plate Telophase • Cleavage furrow develops in animal cells (Cytokinesis begins). • Cell platedevelops in plants (no cleavage furrows in plants). • Nucleolus reappears.

42. Telophase • Nuclear membrane reappears. • Chromosomes uncoil. • In the end, two genetically identical nuclei are present.

43. cleavage furrow (cytokinesis) nucleolus reappears nuclear membrane reforming Telophase

44. cell plate Cytokinesis • Cytoplasmic division • Cell platecomplete inplants • In the end, two separate daughter cells produced with single nucleus.

45. Cytokinesis in Animal and Plant Cells

46. A Hypothesis for the Evolution of Mitosis microtubules form spindle within nucleus

47. Bacterial Cell Division (binary fission)

48. Mitosis in a Plant Cell