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The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment”

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The Enlightenment, emerging from the Scientific Revolution, sought to apply reason to social, political, and economic spheres. Thinkers like John Locke emphasized the importance of property and representation in governance, while Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers to prevent tyranny. Voltaire promoted religious toleration, and Rousseau introduced concepts of the social contract and general will. Adam Smith laid the groundwork for modern economics with his ideas on laissez-faire and free trade. This era was characterized by the pursuit of happiness and the power of reason in shaping society.

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The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment”

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  1. The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment” Readings: Smith, et al., 759-767

  2. Enlightenment is A Product of the Scientific Revolution • If you can know the “natural” world, then you should be able to know the “social, political, economic worlds. • Sir Isaac Newton was a model. • The goal was to make everyone happy.

  3. Immanuel Kant • “What is Enlightenment” • “Don’t be Afraid to Know” • “Have Courage to Use Your Own Reason”

  4. John Locke • Was English and lived from 1631-1704. • Two Treatises on Government: Political Liberalism and Representation. • John Locke felt that property was necessary to have a stake in the government.

  5. Baron de Montesquieu • Was French and lived from 1689-1755. • Spirit of Laws: • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances

  6. Voltaire • Was French and lived from 1694-1778. • “Enlightened Despotism” • Religious Toleration

  7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Was French from 1712-1778. • The Social Contract: • The General Will • Public must be generous • Make other people happy • Private happiness linked to public happiness

  8. Emile • Education • The Woman Question • Idea of State religion: Nationalism, Patriotism

  9. Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations (1776) • Laissez-faire economy • Free Trade • The Invisible Hand

  10. Jeremy Bentham • Utalitarianism • Best Policy which promotes Greatest happiness of the greatest number.

  11. Benjamin Franklin • Poor Richard’s Almanac • Public Opinion • Coffee Houses • Newspapers • Academies • Salons

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