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TOPIC1 : Basic Concept of Research

TOPIC1 : Basic Concept of Research. Research Concept is the study of any topic or problem by employing a scientific and/or systematic procedure, in order to find out fact and/or to solve the problem. 2 types of research Basic or fundamental or pure research e.g. medical science.

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TOPIC1 : Basic Concept of Research

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  1. TOPIC1: Basic Concept of Research Research Concept is the study of any topic or problem by employing a scientific and/or systematic procedure, in order to find out fact and/or to solve the problem. 2 types of research • Basic or fundamental or pure research e.g. medical science. • Applied research e.g. business Research Development:There are severalsteps for research development

  2. QUESTIONAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE: a collection or series of questions Type of Questions: • Closed question: Provide choices, limited answer • Open-ended question: Essay, Blank Dichotomous Multiple Choice Checklist Rank Scale

  3. 1. Dichotomous 2 categories; 1 answer (1 VARIABLE) Q: Your gender a. Male b. Female Next

  4. 2. Multiple Choice multiple categories or choices; 1 answer (1 VARIABLE) Q: What is your income range? a. Below 5,000 b. 5,000-10,000 c. Above 10,000 Next

  5. 3. Checklist multiple categories; multiple answers (MULTIPLE VARIABLES) Q. What shopping malls that you visit at least once a month? ___Central ___ Robinson ___The Mall ___ Zen ___ Emporium    Next

  6. 3. Checklist Method 3.1 Multiple Dichotomy Method: no. of variable is = to no. of choices; each dichotomous variable is for each category (5 VARIABLES) 3.2 Multiple Category Method: each categorical variable is for each answer (NO. OF VARIABLE IS UP TO YOU)

  7. 3.1 Multiple Dichotomy Method Selected Selected Selected Selected Selected = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected Not Selected = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 Two no. of variable is = to no. of choices; each dichotomous variable is for each category (5 VARIABLES) Q. What shopping malls that you visit at least once a month? ___Central ___ Robinson ___The Mall ___ Zen ___ Emporium 0 1  0 1  1 

  8. 3.2 Multiple Category Method each categorical variable is for each answer (no. of variable is up to you) Q. What shopping malls that you visit at least once a month? ___Central ___ Robinson ___The Mall ___ Zen ___ Emporium Central = 1 Robinson = 2 The Mall = 3 Zen = 4 Emporium = 5 Ch1  Central = 1 Robinson = 2 The Mall = 3 Zen = 4 Emporium = 5 Ch2  Ch3  Central = 1 Robinson = 2 The Mall = 3 Zen = 4 Emporium = 5

  9. 4. Rank multiple possible categories/choices; ranking answers (MULTIPLE VARIABLES) Q: Rank your favorite ISPs ___ CS Internet ___ KSC ___ Internet Thailand ___ Loxinfo ___ Samart Cybernet 4 3 1 5 2 Next

  10. 4. Rank Method 4.1 Category-based Method: no. of variable is = to no. of choices;each variable is for each choice to store its rank (5 VARIABLES) 4.2 Rank-based Method: each variable is for each rank to store its choice (NO. OF VARIABLE IS UP TO YOU)

  11. 4.1 Category-based Method no. of variable is = to no. of choices;each variable is for each choice to store its rank (5 VARIABLES) Q: Rank your favorite ISPs ___ CS Internet ___ KSC ___ Internet Thailand ___ Loxinfo ___ Samart Cybernet 4 4 3 3 1 1 5 5 2 2

  12. 4.2 Rank-based Method each variable is for each rank to store its choice (NO. OF VARIABLE IS UP TO YOU) Q: Rank your favorite ISPs ___ CS Internet ___ KSC ___ Internet Thailand ___ Loxinfo ___ Samart Cybernet CS = 1 KSC = 2 IT = 3 Lox = 4 SC = 5 R1 4 3 CS = 1 KSC = 2 IT = 3 Lox = 4 SC = 5 1 R2 5 2 CS = 1 KSC = 2 IT = 3 Lox = 4 SC = 5 R3

  13. 5. Scale scaling from one end to the other; select one scale (3 VARIABLES) Q: I always look for bargain 1 2 3 4 5 Q: I enjoy being outdoors 1 2 3 4 5 Q: I love to cook 1 2 3 4 5 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Average 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly Agree 5 1 4 Next

  14. Characteristics of Measurement: • Description: answers describe objects • Order: answers compare objects • Distance: answers express absolute difference between objects • Origin: answers beginning point of zero (origin) Level of Measurement (Scale):

  15. 1. Nominal Level (Description) • Describe an object • Arranges objects into groups or categories • Conveys qualitative rather than quantitative information Statistics: Percentages, mode, chi-square, binomial tests Q: What is your gender? • Male • Female

  16. 2. Ordinal Level (Description + Order) • Conveys both quantitative and qualitative information to indicate relative size differences • Able to compare Statistics: Percentile, quartile, median, rank-order correlation Q: What is your current GPA? • < 2.00 • 2.00 – 2.50 • 2.50 – 3.25 • > 3.25

  17. 3. Interval Level (Description + Order + Distance) • Equally-spaced intervals • Has no origin point to make conclusion of the magnitude of differences • Do not know the beginning point • Zero is not a starting point Statistics: All in nominal and ordinal scales, arithmetic mean, SD, product-moment correlation Q: How do you feel about ABAC Bangna? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10   x=x 3 units

  18. 4. Ratio Level (Description + Order + Distance + Origin) • similar to interval scale, but with true origin point • Starting point must equal to zero • allows ratio formation Statistics: All statistics Q: What is your age? ___x___ years old x=x 0

  19. Level of Measurement (Scale): Why Level of Measurement is Important? 1. It determines what information about objects can be collected 2. It dictates what types of statistical analyses can be performed 1. Nominal Level Statistics: Percentages, mode, chi-square, binomial tests 2. Ordinal Level Statistics: Percentile, quartile, median, rank-order correlation 3. Interval Level Statistics: All in nominal and ordinal scales, arithmetic mean, SD, product-moment correlation 4. Ratio Level Statistics: All statistics

  20. Data Preparation • Codebook: a manual to reveal necessary variables and coding schemes during data coding; identifies all of the variable names and code numbers associated with each possible responses to each question that makes up the data set • Data entry: the creation of a computer file that holds the raw data taken from all of the questionnaires deemed suitable for analysis • Data coding: the identification of codes that pertain to the possible responses for each question on the questionnaire Back

  21. Creating the Code book • Question number • Variable name • Variable label • Value and Value label • Instructions for coding

  22. Rules in defining the variable names • 8 or under is a recommended characters long, • always begin with alphabetic, • always use underscore as a separator to separate different words within a single name, • variable names are not case sensitive, • duplication is not allowed, and • reserved words are not allowed.

  23. Rules in defining the file names • always begin with alphabetic, • always use underscore as a separator to separate different words within a single name, • application name (e.g. SAS, PSPP etc.,) is considered as reserved word • should represent the meaning of the content in that file

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