WASAMED 5th Workshop Harmonization and Integration of Water

1. WASAMED 5th Workshop Harmonization and Integration of Water Saving Options. Convention and Promotion of Water Saving Policies and Guidelines Malta, 3-7 May 2006 Goals and indicators deliberated by WASAMED workshops and working groups C. Bogliotti, A. Scardigno CIHEAM-IAMB

2. WASAMED INDICATORS • A debate started in the Workshop of Sanliurfa in December 2003 and continued in the years 2004 – 2005 with the objective of linking water saving specific options (WUE, WP, ISP, UWU….) with the more general strategic frame for sustainability • Several items have been agreed and deliberated during the Working Group, starting from problem and background • Items deliberated by taking into account different concerns (social, economic, environmental, institutional / management, policy, technical, technological, scientific) • Further organisation beyond the working groups

3. Problems encountered Indicators are often given without a clear link with an objective or specific target Certain items are given more in the form of a goal or target, without a clear link to performance / measurement perspectives GO Indicators are often complex, too technical and difficult to be understood by experts of other sectors or disciplines or stakeholders GO Missing the meaning of the WS indicator in term of real contribution to sustainable development or explicit link to sustainability criteria

4. Yield ( kg) Yield WUE = (E) Tc (m3) A (mmol CO2) Gas exchange WUE = T ( mol H2O) Back

5. Increasing funds at government and user associations level Improving transfer of irrigation management and local empowerment to end users Improving capacity of system to respond quickly to changes (physical and non physical) Increasing quality of extension service Innovation in water saving Back

6. Problems encountered Indicators are often given without link with an objective or specific target Certain items are given more in the form of a goal or target, without a clear link to performance / measurement perspectives GO Indicators are often complex, too technical and difficult to be understood by experts of other sectors or disciplines or stakeholders GO Missing the meaning of the WS indicator in term of real contribution to sustainable development or explicit link to sustainability criteria

7. Posing the question on the role and features of indicators for sustainable water saving • Need to establish the general quality frame: performance or strategy/policy monitoring ? Possibly both of them !! • As a measure of distance (performance) to target: indicator must be relevant and complete (cover all relevant trends) • As tool for policy / strategy monitoring: indicator should not only be associated with politically defined targets but be linked also with technically oriented notions

8. Integration of different concepts and features Concepts • Making explicit the dimension of sustainability and criteria, goals and targets to which the indicator contributes (Go) • Be supported by technically defined mean of measurement (biological, hydraulic, hydrological, engineering, economic …..etc.) • Having an explicit form: -- Performance form= explicit link to quantitative target, measure the distance toward target -- Ordinal form = hierarcy of qualitative states i.e. quality of participatory participation, based on value judgement and difficult political agreement -- Nominal form = given by only two values, a certain characteristic is either given or not • Clear scale (in function of driving forces acting at specific scale) (Go) • Dynamics: considering time horizon of performance (Go) • Threshold • The combination gives a degree of complexity (high, medium, low) Main features • General: not depedent on a specific situation, society, culture • Indicative: truly representative of the phenomenon • Sensitive: react early and sensibly to changes • Robust: directionally safe with no significant changes in case of minor changes in the methodology or improvement in data base

9. Yield ( kg) Yield WUE = (E) Tc (m3) ECONOMIC DIMENSION Main criteria Competitiveness Improve long term economic stability of farmer Goal Target Increasing trend of redditivity GDP / capite (farmer) / n. of years

10. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION Main criteria Ecosystem protection Reducing pressure on water bodies through water saving Goal Sector target Water withdrawal from water bodies Annual rainfall / GW water table / water extracted from GW N. of pilots in saline water Back

11. Modified after Batchelor, 1999 Annual rainfall Mean annual temperature Seasonality Landform Crop potential Global change Commodity price Infrastructure development Migration Trade regionalisation Global market National / regional Sub-national Microclimate, variability Season Soil erosion, land instability Local morphology and geophysics Drainage pattern Soil type Vegetation distribution Water points Familiy structure Division of labour Water pricing Wage rate Employment Community organisation Property Technology Catchment / community Farm Potential biophysical driving forces Potential socio-economic driving forces Back

12. Sensitive Back Low sensitive, long-term dynamics

13. Integration of different concepts and features Features • general: not depedent on a specific situation, society, culture • Indicative: truly representative of the phenomenon • Sensitive: react early and sensibly to changes • Robust: directionally safe with no significant changes in case of minor changes in the methodology or improvement in data base

14. Threshold

16. social-economic: burden sharing social-institutional: strengthening co-decision process institutional-environmental: care (of common resources) institutional-economic: equity social-environmental: improve access (to resources)

17. Outputs

18. Institutional dimension: goals • Improving transfer of irrigation management and local empowerment to end users • Understanding of benefits due to participatory irrigation by the Government • Improving laws regulating the constitution of water user association (WUA) • Improve capacity of government or WUA for system O&M • Improving laws systematically enhancing water saving (WS) • Improve warning in irrigation • Improve role of WUAs • Improve role of users in WUAs • Improve integration with other uses • Improve farmers involvement in water pricing

19. Institutional dimension: targets and indicators INDICATORS • N. of water rights • Frequency of O&M service • N. of O&M staff / km of conveyance • N. of devices • Money spent • M3 of substorage / M3 of water delivered • Km extension of drip irrigation • M2 irrigated by modern system / M2 traditional • N. of water delivery devices / system length • Km pressurised pipe / km open canal • N. of farmers accessing funds for WS / total farmers / ha • % total expenditure for WS subsidised • N. of policies integrating WS in drought planning • M3 saved water allocated for forestation or aquifer recharge • Availability of models and plans • N. of farmers in WUA / total N. of farmers / ha • N. of women managing WUAs • N. of training events at WUAs for farmers and WUA • N. of consultancies requested • Social / governmental money spent in WS TARGETS • Attitude of central government to transfer • Political willingness • Successful transfer • Suitability and capability to transfer • Water right transfer • Awareness of users to associate • Availability of funds • Suitable resource allocation • Quality of diagnostic • Suitable technology • Modernisation • Performance • Impact of policy on water saving • Adaptation of policy to water saving • Integration of WS in environmental policy • Capacity of system to respond quickly to changes • Representativeness of WUAs • Consultancy with users • Impact of WS on social discourse to attract funds • Capacity of farmers in co-decision • Quality of extension service • Suitability of water tariff

20. Environmental dimension: goals • Reducing pressure on water bodies through WS • Increase knowledge on quantification of saved water volumes at different scales (farm to catchment) • Improve on-farm irrigation system aiming at WS • Improve management of deficit irrigation • Improving impact on environmental quality • Increasing ecological efficiency (improve resource productivity) • Strengthening access to resources • Improve environmental care

21. Environmental dimension: targets and indicators INDICATORS • Annual rainfall / Annual water stored in dams • WS volume / water extracted from GW ƒ Annual rainfall / GW table • WUE-WP indicators • N. of pilot demonstration for saline GW and SW • % increase of $ / M3 of water delivered • N. of new adapted crops • N. of pilots in saline waters • N. of control devices across farm-catchment boundary • N. of training courses • Money spent in training • Money spent for knowledge on stress on crops • M3 of water used during low water period (deficit irrigation) • Quantity of fertilizers / ha • Total Material Flow / volume saved water • Total environmental cost breakdown / WS investment • Re-usable / non re-usable fraction • N. of plot demonstrations at farmers • N. of patents • Money paid for integrated monitoring • N. of devices • N. of model consultations TARGETS • Water withdrawal from water bodies • Conjunctive use of saline GW and SW • Water tariff • Crop management • Use of saline water in irrigation • Information • Training of farmers and dealers • Incentives for WS • Quality of system design • Controlled deficit irrigation • Imposed deficit irrigation • Integration of surface runoff and WUE-WP • Use of fertilisers • Degree of eco-efficiency through WS • Access to WS technology • Innovation in WS • Joint irrigation system and natural water monitoring • Co-decision process in monitoring • Knowledge of interlinkage water body-irrigation system from farm to catchment scale

22. ECONOMIC DIMENSION: Goals • Improve system competitiveness through WS practices • Secure long term economic stability of farmer • Improve financial impact of WS on system

23. ECONOMIC DIMENSION: Targets and Indicators TARGETS • Efficient intersectoral water allocation • Trend of redditivity at farm • Use of financial capital (system level) • Farmer income INDICATORS • Value of productivity * M3 of SW water applied / Total cost of WS • GDP / per capite (farmer) • Rate of reduction of money invested in water infrastructures • % water charge on WS / total cost

24. SOCIAL DIMENSION: Goals • Mitigation of water conflicts • Improve access to resources • Improve balance in share water burdens • Acceptance of water saving • Improve perception of safe use on unconventional waters • Improve equity in water saving • Improve collective knowledge and bridging different positions

25. SOCIAL DIMENSION: Targets and Indicators INDICATORS • N. of public communication events • N. of accesses to WS technology (i.e.: N. of pilots) • Total water supplied upstream / total water supplied to farmers • Rate of employment • N. of farmers using unconventional waters / total N. of farmers / ha • M3 recycled water delivered / M3 total water delivered / ha • N. of farmers using at least one type of WS practice / total number of farmers / ha TARGETS • Equity in allocation of saved water • Equity in access to WS technology • Minimum water storage at farmer • Mutual trust / transparency between farmers and institutions • Equity in allocation of WS benefits • Society involved in WS investment costs, financial constraints and benefit • Awareness of farmers to WS • Resistance of farmers to alternative WS options (marginal waters) • Communication among farmers/WUAs/institutions

26. A (mmol CO2) Gas exchange WUE = T ( mol H2O)