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Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Diagnosis, Management, and Consequences

Learn about OSA in infants and children, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Early identification is crucial to prevent complications like SIDS and cognitive issues. Discover the impact of sleep disorders on cognitive development and physical health.

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Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Diagnosis, Management, and Consequences

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  1. Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing OSA in infants and young children is generally characterized by partial, persistent obstruction of the upper airway

  2. Continuum • Benign primary snoring • Upper-airway resistance syndrome (UARS) • Severe OSA • Tonsillar hypertrophy most common cause in children 2 – 8 years of age • Early diagnosis essential to prevent complications

  3. SIDS • Infants (0 – 12 months) • Sudden death due to reduced arousability • More episodes of obstructive and mixed apnea • ALTE • Sleep disordered breathing • Lower heart rate variability • Altered autonomic control • Increased arousal thresholds • Fewer body movements

  4. SIDS • Elective Cesarean section • More respiratory events in quiet sleep • More central apneas • More dangerous than obstructive • Ondine’s curse • Longer duration of central apneas • More mixed apneas • Longer duration of mixed apneas

  5. Snoring in Children • 7 – 12 % snore • Most common presenting symptom of OSA • Primary snorers • Does not progress to OSA

  6. UARS • Snore and abnormal sleep histories / psg data • Underrecognized and undertreated • Common symptoms with OSA • Sleepiness • Restlessness • Diaphoresis • Irritability • Snoring

  7. UARS • Differences • Not predicted well by same clinical variables • PSG generally normal except for • Elevation of EEG arousals • Characteristic breathing patterns

  8. OSA • Incidence 1 – 3% • More than 2 million children • Only 20% of pediatricians screen for problem • More than one obstructive apnea of any length per hour of sleep should be considered abnormal

  9. Consequences of OSA • Repeated arousals needed to re-establish airway • Sleep fragmentation • Loss of sleep’s restorative nature • Apneic episodes / periods of asphyxia • Hypoxemia • Hypercapnia • Acidemia • Profound hemodynamic alterations

  10. Cyclical increases in systemic arterial pressure with episodes of apnea • Degree of hypertension correlates with • Apnea index • Obesity • Undiagnosed OSA may lead to increased risk of cardiovascular complications later in life • Increases in pulmonary artery pressure with each apnea • Maximal PAP generated during REM • Probably reflect hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction • Cor-pulmonale and RHF

  11. Decrease in cerebral blood flow • Decreased global and regional cerebral perfusion decreased during wakefulness • MRI shows metabolic pattern consistent with cerebral ischemia • Cognitive Consequences • Neurodevelopmental Complications • Developmental delay • Poor school performance • Hyperactivity • Aggressive behavior • Social withdrawal

  12. Manifestations occur without frank sleepiness • Sleep deprived children manifest cognitive and behavioral changes mimicking ADHD • 81% of snoring children who have ADHD could have their ADHD eliminated if the SDB were effectively treated. • Cognitive impairments • Memory, attention, and visuospatial abilities affected • Sustained attention (vigilance), divergent intelligence (creativity) • Grades improve with treatment

  13. Poor growth common • 50% - Failure to thrive • Adenotonsillar hypertrophy • Anorexia • Dysphagia • Abnormal nocturnal growth-hormone secretion • Lack of end-organ responsiveness to growth factors • Nocturnal hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and increased WOB • Increased weight-gain velocity after correction

  14. Clinical Manifestations • Nocturnal symptoms • Snoring • Restless sleep • Diaphoretic during sleep • Abnormal sleeping position • Parental anxiety • Daytime symptoms • Internalized behavior problems • Externalized behavior problems • Overall lower incidence of obvious daytime somnolence than adults

  15. Diagnosis • OSA cannot be reliably distinguished from simple snoring through clinical assessment • ATS Consensus statement on standards and indications for pediatric sleep studies recommends PSG to • detect presence and severity of OSA • differentiate between benign snoring, snoring with partial or complete airway obstruction, hypoxemia and sleep disruption • Evaluate disturbed sleep, EDS, Corpulmonale, failure to thrive, unexplained polycythemia • Assess relevant symptoms in children with major risk factors • Assess child with OSA @ increased risk for perioperative and postoperative complications • Titrate CPAP therapy in pediatric OSA

  16. Management • Supplemental oxygen may depress ventilatory drive and aggravate apnea • Adenotonsillectomy • SDB primary indication • Nasal CPAP • Patient growth changes CPAP requirements • Pressures = to median pressures for adults • HFNC (5 – 15 LPM) • Heated to body temp • Near 100% relative humidity

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