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Body Systems

This informative guide explores the essential relationship between tissues, organs, and body systems. It delves into the study of anatomy, which examines the structure of the body, and physiology, which focuses on its functions. Key concepts include anatomical terminology, body planes, tissue classifications (epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective), and the various organ systems (such as circulatory, nervous, and reproductive). Understanding these elements is crucial for analyzing health conditions, diseases, and the body’s repair processes.

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Body Systems

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  1. Body Systems Competency: MD03 Analyze the relationship of tissues, organs, and body systems Objectives: MD03.01 Identify structural units of the body MD03.02 Analyze body tissues and membranes

  2. What are anatomy & physiology? • Anatomy – study of body structures • Physiology – study of body functions Structure & Function are often closely related

  3. What is a disease? • Upsets normal body structure or function • Pathology • Pathophysiology • Related Terms • Etiology • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Prognosis

  4. Anatomical Position • Standing erect, face and palms forward, arms at side.

  5. Anatomic TerminologyPosition and Direction (page 1) • Anterior or ventral • Front, or in front of • Posterior or dorsal • Back or in back of • Cranial • Refers to head of the body • Caudal • Means tail end • Superior • Upper or above • Inferior • Lower or below

  6. (page 2) • Medial • Toward the middle • Lateral • Toward the side of the body • Proximal • Toward point of attachment to body or trunk (near) • Distal • Away from point of attachment to body or trunk (away from) • Superficial (external) • Near surface or outside of body • Deep (internal) • Inside the body

  7. Body Planes and Sections • Planes – imaginary anatomical dividing lines • Sagittal Plane • Divides into Rt. And Lt. parts • ? mid-sagittal plane • Coronal (frontal) Plane • Vertical cut at right angles to sagittal plane, divides into front and back sections • Transverse Plane • Cross-section, horizontal cut divides into upper and lower parts • Section – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

  8. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity • Contains cranial and spinal • Brain in cranial cavity • Spinal cord n spinal cavity • Anterior (ventral) cavity • Contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Thoracic cavity contains lungs and heart • Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas • Pelvic cavity contains bladder and reproductive organs

  9. Abdominopelvic Regions Lt. Hypochondriac Epigastric Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. Lumbar Rt. Lumbar Umbilical Rt. Inguinal HypogastricLt. Inguinal

  10. Tissues • Cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function

  11. Different types of tissues • Epithelial tissue • Covers internal and external surfaces and produces secretions • Muscle tissue • Ability to contract and move the body • Nervous tissue • Cells react to stimuli and conduct an in impulse • Connective tissue • Supports and connects organs and tissue

  12. Types of connective tissue

  13. Adipose tissue • Stores fat cells • Areolar tissue • Surrounds organs and supports nerve cells / blood vessels • Ligaments • Strong, flexible bands of tissue; holds bones together at joints • Tendons • Attaches skeletal muscle to bone; white bands of tissue

  14. Aponeuroses • Flat, wide bands of tissue; holds one muscle to another • Fasciae • Fibrous tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place • Cartilage • Firm, flexible support of embryonic skeleton and part of adult skeleton

  15. Membranes • Formed by putting two thin layers of similar tissue together • Cells may secrete fluid • Two different types • Mucous • Serous

  16. Line open systems Digestive Reproductive Respiratory Urinary Mucous membranes

  17. Serous membranes • Double-walled, produces watery fluid, lines closed body cavities • Parietal membrane - outer part, lines the actual cavity • Visceral membrane - part covering organs

  18. Organs and Systems • Organ System –group of organs acting together to perform a specific, related function • Organ Systems we will study include: Integumentary Circulatory Skeletal Excretory Muscular Nervous Digestive Endocrine Respiratory Lymphatic Reproductive

  19. Primary and secondary repair Tissue Repair:

  20. Primary Repair • Graft • skin transplanted to heal larger wounds • If deeper tissues are involved – sutures are used to sew edges together. • In clean wound with no infection • New epithelial cells push up toward skin surface • Larger area – fluid escapes from broken capillaries, dries, and seals the wound with a scab

  21. Secondary Repair • Granulation • Occurs in large open wounds, causing surface area to have bubbly texture, consists of newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts • Cicatrix -- scar tissue

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