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States of Consiousness

States of Consiousness. What is consciousness?. Can you define it? Consciousness is defined as your AWARENESS of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including thoughts, sensations and feelings.

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States of Consiousness

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  1. States of Consiousness

  2. What is consciousness? • Can you define it? • Consciousness is defined as your AWARENESS of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including thoughts, sensations and feelings. • WAKING consciousness – thoughts are clear • ALTERED states – shift in quality or pattern of mental activity

  3. Altered States- Sleeping • Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning • Yearly • 28-day • Circadian (24 hours)

  4. Altered state of sleep… Why we feel sleepy • Hypothalamus (surpachiasmatic nuclueus)–tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin (we feel sleepy) and to stop secreting melatonin (we wake up) • Serotonin also helps to regulate sleep • Body temperature (controlled by hypothalamus)

  5. If we don’t sleep • Mircosleep – brief side-steps into sleep lasting only seconds…um dangerous in a car • Sleep Deprivation – trembling hands, droopy eyelids, irritability, depression • Lots of studies have concluded even moderate sleep deprivation has negative affects • VIDEOS – The Need For Sleep & Getting Enough Sleep & What are the Odds

  6. Adaptive Theory of Sleep - When • Sleep is a product of evolution • Lions sleep nearly 15 hrs/day • Gazelles only about 4 hrs/day (in short naps)

  7. Restorative Theory of Sleep -Where • Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body • Most bodily growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep

  8. Practice MCQ #1

  9. Stages of Sleep • Stage 1 – Non REM Light Sleep. IF woken here person probably not believe they were sleeping -hypnagogic images -hypnic jerks

  10. Stages of Sleep • Stage 2 – Non REM Sleep Spindles Body temp continues to drop heart rate slows, breathing become shallow and irregular

  11. Stages of Sleep • Stage 3 & 4 – Non REM Delta Waves! Growth hormones released hard to wake – children sleep deeper

  12. Stages of Sleep • REM • After reverting back through stages 3 and 2, the brain enters the REM (rapid eye movement) stage • Marked by more vivid, detailed, and storylike dreams • We dream during all stages but these are more visual • REM paralysis – voluntary muscles are paralyzed • Each cycle lasts roughly 90 minutes • Approx. 4 to 6 cycles per night • The first time through the cycle, you only spend about 10 minutes in REM – which increases to 30 to 60 minutes by the last cycle

  13. Sleep Patterns and Age

  14. Stages of Sleep • REM rebound - IF you are deprived of REM sleep one night you’ll usually make it up the next night

  15. Sleep Disorders • Nightmares • Tend to happen more in children b/c spend more time in REM sleep • REM Behavior Disorder • Rare… the brain mechanisms that normally inhibit voluntary muscles…fails. Thrashing, acting out nightmares • Stage 4 Sleep Disorders (sleeping walking or somnambulism)

  16. Sleep Disorders • Night Terrors • Rare disorder – a state of panic while sound asleep. Occurs during deep Non-REM sleep • Insomnia • the inability to get to sleep • Sleep Apnea • A condition where a person stops breathing for 30 secs or more. Hard to get a good sleep • Narcolepsy • Disorder – sleep seizure. Person slips into REM during the day

  17. Read • Murder while Sleepwalking

  18. Practice MCQ #2

  19. Dreams and Hynosis • VIDEO – “The Amazing Power of the Sleeping Brain” & “Dreams”

  20. Freud • The purpose of dreams is…. ‘wish fulfillment’ • Manifest Content of a dream is the dream itself. You dream of running from bees…the manifest content is that you are running from bees. Latent Content is the HIDDEN meaning in dreams – expressed in ‘symbols’

  21. Freud -Manifest Content -Latent Content -Gun -Penis

  22. Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis – Hobson and McCarley • Dreaming is merely another kind of thinking. It is less realistic b/c it comes from our memories and experiences of the past. • Frontal lobes are shut down where we do our normal daytime thinking.

  23. Activation-Information-Mode (AIM) • Newer version of activation-synthesis • States the brain is making up a dream to explain it own activation. Uses meaningful bits and pieces of the person’s experiences from recent events rather than just random items from memory

  24. Problem Solving - Cartwright • Dreams allow people to creatively think and work through problems because not restrained by logic or realism.

  25. What do people dream about? • Hall – dream about daily life • Some had dreams in black & white..when black and white TV was around • Women – dream about males and females equally, victims of aggression, people they know, family and home • Men – dream more about other males, more physical aggression, outdoor settings, weapons, tools, cars, roads, sexual dreams

  26. Altered State - Hypnosis • A state of consciousness in which a person is susceptible to suggestions

  27. Hypnosis Steps • Focus on what is being said • Relax and feel tired • “let go” and accept suggestions easily • Use vivid imagination • ONLY 80% of ppl can be hypnotized, only 40% are good hypnotic subjects.

  28. What can hypnosis really do?

  29. Hypnosis Theories • Hypnosis as Dissociation (Hilgard, ‘91 &’94) • Hypnosis worked only on the immediate conscious mind of a person, while a part of the mind remained aware of all that was going on. • Hypnosis as Social Role-Playing or Social Cognitive Explanation (Kirsch, 2000) • The expectations of how they should act plays a big part of how a person responds under hypnosis

  30. Attention is diverted from an aversive odor. How? Divided-consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness Social Influence theory: the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor Hypnosis • Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?

  31. Practice MCQ #3

  32. Altered State – Psychoactive Drugs • Psychoactive Drugs • A chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

  33. Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose Dependence • Tolerance • need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect • Withdrawal • discomfort and distress with discontinued use

  34. Stimulants – Uppers • Amphetamines • Made in lab • Sympathetic nervous system in overdrive • Used to stay awake, diet pills, ADHD, Narcolepsy • CRASH • http://www.methproject.org/ • Cocaine • Found in coca plant leaves • Highly dangerous and addictive

  35. Stimulants-Uppers • Nicotine • 438,000 die in US from smoking related illnesses/year • Mild but TOXIC • Caffeine

  36. Depressants - Downers • Barbiturates or Major Tranquilizers • Sedative effect • Highly addictive • Benzodiazepines or Minor Tranquilizers • Used to lower anxiety and reduce stress • Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, Librium • Alcohol • 10-20 million suffer from alcoholism

  37. Narcotics- Suppress the sensation of pain - all from OPIUM • Opium • Morphine - addictive • Heroin – even MORE addictive

  38. Hallucinogens Alters interpretations of sensations • LSD • Hard to perceive reality • Dumped into a world of the mind’s creation..Bad or good ‘trips’ • PCP • MSMA (Ecstasy) • Dehydrates body and raises body temp

  39. Hallucinogens • Marijuana • May produce a psychological dependency • Adolescent psychosocial development, educational attainment, and mental health can be negatively impacted.

  40. Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke Psychoactive Drugs

  41. Finish MCQ Practice • Any questions???

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