Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System

2. Functions • Gas exchange • Filters air • Warms air • Humidifies air • Speech/sound • Olfaction

3. Upper Respiratory Tract • All structures are lined with mucous membranes • Nose • Nasal cavity • Space posterior to nose • Divided by nasal septum 3. Nasal conchae • Divides nasal cavity into passageways, increases surface area • Warms, moistens, filters incoming air 4. Paranasal sinuses • Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary • Reduces weight of skull, resonating chambers for speech

4. 5. Pharynx • Passageway for food and air • 3 parts • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • laryngopharynx

5. 6. Larynx • Voice production • Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage, including: • Thyroid cartilage • Epiglottis • Vocal folds • Glottis • Cricoid cartilage

7. Lower Respiratory Tract • Trachea • windpipe • lies anterior to esophagus • Divides into left & right bronchi • C-rings support wall • Bronchiole Tree • Branched passages that connects trachea to alveoli • As tubes branch: • Amt. Of cartilage decreases • Pseudostratified to cuboidal to simple squamous • Smooth muscle increases (bronchoconstriction- histamine, bronchodilation – epinephrine)

8. Lungs • Covered by pleural membranes: Parietal, visceral • Pleural cavity is filled with serous fluid • Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures: Right has 3 lobes, left has 2 • Composed of over 300,000,000 alveoli

11. Lung Cancer

14. Causes • Cigarette smoking • Radon poisoning • Asbestos exposure

15. Asbestos • a naturally occurring fibrous Mg silicate mineral popular in manufacturing and industry due to its strength, chemical and thermal stability. Types include: chrysotile (which accounted for 95% of industrial use), amosite and crocidolite. • Exposure can lead to mesothelioma

17. Where is it found • Insulation materials • Roofing • Siding • Floor tile • Fireproof gloves • Brake pads and lining

19. Asthma • Airways react by narrowing or obstructing when they are irritated= bronchoconstriction • Symptoms: • wheezing • coughing • shortness of breath • chest tightness

21. Provoking Factors • Allergens (dust, mites, pollen, etc) • Cold air • Dust • Strong fumes • Exercise • Inhaled irritants • Emotional upsets • Smoke

22. Causes of Asthma • Unknown • Could be: • Genetic • Immune defenses • environment

24. Pneumonia • Inflammation of the lung: bacterial or viral • may also be caused from infections that spread to the lungs through the bloodstream from other organs (50%: viral) • Streptococcus pneumoniae: most common bacterial form

25. Symptoms/treatment • Cough • High Fever (104) • Chest pain • Shortness of breath

26. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

27. Characteristics • Disease affecting the lungs, circulatory system, other organs • Primarily Lungs • 14.6 million infected in 2004 • Spread through air • Once it enters the respiratory tract it begins to replicate eventually spreading to other parts of the body

28. Because the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are transmitted through the air, the disease can be quite contagious. • To be at risk, you must be exposed to the organisms constantly, by living or working in close quarters with someone who has the active disease. • bacteria generally stay dormant after they invade the body; only 10% of people infected with TB will ever come down with the active disease.

29. Tuberculosis is characterized by white lesions or tubercles which replace alveoli with scar tissue • results in poor gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

30. Symptoms • Coughing • Wheezing • Chest pain • Fever, chills • Loss of appetite • Possibly death

31. TB skin test

32. Sleep Apnea • Responsible for Sudden infant death and snoring • Apneas are obstructive and decreases oxygen getting to lungs • Adults: stop breathing for 10-20 s • Symptoms: Fatigue, headache, depression and drawsiness