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Optimizing Cyanotoxin Removal in Drinking Water Systems

This project, TOXIC.-.EVK1-2001-00182, focuses on identifying and overcoming barriers against cyanotoxins in drinking water. The results, work packages, guidelines, and case studies contribute to knowledge about cyanotoxin standards and treatment strategies. Various techniques such as activated carbon, oxidation, disinfection, and alternative membrane filtration are explored and documented. The project emphasizes efficient toxin removal and risk management, providing valuable resources for water treatment plant design and operation. International collaboration has led to the development of manuals and software tools available for commercial use.

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Optimizing Cyanotoxin Removal in Drinking Water Systems

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  1. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Barriers Against Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water TOXIC DVGW-Technology Center Water (TZW) Karlsruhe, Dresden branch

  2. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Consortium of TOXIC * member of EWRI (European Water Research Institutes)

  3. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Content • Introduction • Results of work packages • Published results • Case studies

  4. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Guide lines for drinking water • WHO: 1.0 µg/L MCYST-LR • Australia: 1.3 µg/L MCYST-LR Cylindrospermopsin (in discussion) Anatoxin-a (in discussion) Saxitoxin (in discussion) • Germany: 0.1 µg/L each single toxic compound • …..

  5. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Figure 2.2: Strukture of Microcystins

  6. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Figure 2.3: Strukture of Anatoxin-a, Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin

  7. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Structure of TOXIC

  8. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Detailed Structure of TOXIC

  9. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Work-segments • Production of standard materials • Design of evaluated analytical procedures • Lab scale experiments • Pilot scale experiments • Full scale monitoring

  10. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 1 - Co-ordination and Project Management Participants:TZW • Protocols • Reports • Public presentations

  11. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 2 - Raw Water Quality Participants:UDU, TZW, AAU, UAL, ULO • Data base of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in European waterbodies • Establishment of an Internet-Based Platform on cyanobacteria and-toxins in European waterbodies (cyanobacteria-platform.com) • List of suitable methods for early-warning of cyanobacterial bloom

  12. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 3 - Analysis Participants: AAU, UDU, ULO • Supply of pure cyanotoxin standards • Know-how transfer andinter-calibrationexercises • Provision of Standard OperationalPrecedures(SOPs) for cyanotoxin analysis (PPIA, ELISA, HPLC/UV, MS)

  13. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 4 - Conventional Treatment Participants:TZW, UDU, DHI, UEX, UAL, ULO • Test of different treatment trains • Cyanotoxin biodegradability and degradation kinetics (aerobic and anaerobic) • Risk assessment for treatment trains (intra- and extracellular toxins)

  14. Toxin release - pilot plant studies

  15. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5 - Polishing Treatment: activated carbon • The application of activated carbon (PAC !!!) is one of the most efficient measure for dissolved toxin removal

  16. The efficiency of activated carbon dichloroethene trichloroethene atrazine MCYST-LR Activated carbon in mg/L

  17. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5+6 - Polishing and Final Treatment: oxidation and disinfection • Kinetic data base for oxidation of cyanotoxins by oxidants (chlorine, chlor-amine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, ozone) • Assessment of the influence of water qualityparameters (DOC, alkalinity, pH, temperature, ammonia) on toxin oxidation Participants:EAWAG, UEX, WRc, UAL, ULO

  18. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 5+6 Polishing and Final Treatment

  19. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 7 - Alternative Techniques Participants: Kiwa, UAL • Protocol of optimised membrane filtration procedures (ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reversed osmosis)

  20. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 WP 7 - Alternative Techniques Participants: Kiwa, UAL Nanofiltration:

  21. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Final project outcome – published results Participants: all partners • Providing of an Analytical Manual (ISBN: 951-765-259-3) • Providing of a EuropeanBest Practice Guidance Manual for selection, design and operation of treatment plant, raw water monitoring and toxin analysis (tom.hall@wrcplc.co.uk) • Providing of a commercially available software package for treatment process simulation (tom.hall@wrcplc.co.uk)

  22. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 in 2008:International Guidance Manual for the Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria • Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION • Chapter 2 RISK ASSESSMENT IN SOURCE WATERS • Chapter 3 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF CYANOBACTERIA IN SOURCE WATERS • Chapter 4 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MONITORING PROGRAM • Chapter 5 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLANS • Chapter 6 TREATMENT OPTIONS • Chapter 7 CASE STUDIES A paper of the Global Water Research Coalition www.globalwaterresearchcoalition.net

  23. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case studies

  24. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study I: pilote scale

  25. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study II: pilote scale

  26. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study III: pilote scale

  27. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Case study VI: pilote scale

  28. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Conclusions • Toxin removal (cell bound and dissolved) with high efficiency is possible !!! • The non calculable risk is the toxin release – an efficient additional barrier is the use of activated carbon.

  29. TOXIC - EVK1-2001-00182 Manythanks • Geoff Codd • Jussi Meriluoto • Tom Hall • Hanne Kaas • Urs von Gunten • Bas Heijman • Maria Rosa • Joanna Mankiewicz • Malgozata Taczynska † • Juan Acero • Jose Meneira • Gayle Newcomb • Bill Harding • Ingrid Chorus

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