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“If you wish to experience peace, provide peace for another.” - Tenzin Gyatso, the 14 th Dalai Lama. It took Leo Tolstoy six years to write War and Peace. World War II. The Outbreak: Japan, Italy, and Spain. The Rising Sun of Japan.
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“If you wish to experience peace, provide peace for another.”- Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama It took Leo Tolstoy six years to write War and Peace.
World War II The Outbreak: Japan, Italy, and Spain
The Rising Sun of Japan • With the growing power of the military, militarism, and the need for more raw materials, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931. • 1932: Japan est. Manchuria as an independent state and renamed it Manchukuo and set up former Chinese emperor Pu Yi as a puppet ruler.
The Rising Sun of Japan • When China protested in the L of N about Japan’s actions, the League ordered a commission under Brit. statesman Lord Lytton to investigate the affair. • The commission found Japan guilty and ordered the Japanese gov. to return Manchuria to China; the League voted in favor of this verdict. • 1933: Japan withdraws from the League. • The Manchurian incident: revealed L of N was powerless; increased expansionism in Italy and Germ.
The Rising Sun of Japan • In the early 1930s, the Japanese military wanted the rich oil reserves in the East Indies for ships and planes. • However, to control the Indies, Japan needed Chinese ports. • Summer 1937: Japanese forces invaded China and captured major eastern and southern cities; mass brutality in Nanjing: over 200,000 civilians killed.
Japan Nanjing
The Rising Sun of Japan • During Japan’s invasion, the gov. of Chiang Kai-shek retreated inland and later allied with the Western powers. • From 1937-1945, the Nationalists, the Chinese Communists, and the Japanese fought each other for control of China.
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia www.answers.com/topic/mediterranean-sea
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia http://www.ccafrica.ca/country/ethiopia/map_political.jpg
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • Japan’s success in Manchuria inspired Italy to make a similar move in Ethiopia. • 1934: Italian and Ethiopian forces clashed in a disputed zone on the border of Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland. • Mussolini wanted to fulfill expansionist goals in Ethiopia because: • It was one of the few independent African nations left. • It would serve to unify the Italian-held Eritrea to the northwest and Italian Somaliland to the east. • It was considered to be militarily weak, and rich in resources.
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • After the clash, Mussolini demanded an apology and reparations, the Ethiopians responded by asking the L of N to investigate. • The League decided that because each side viewed the area where the incident took place as its own territory, neither side was to blame. • Oct. 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia; Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed for help.
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • In response to Selassie’s appeal for help, the League voted economic sanctions against Italy: no arms and certain raw materials. • However, the sanctions did not include oil, coal, and iron, materials vital to the Italian war effort. • May 1936: League’s actions were ineffective; Mussolini formally annexes Ethiopia.
Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists • A Civil War started in Spain because like Germany: • Spain was experiencing social and economic problems post-WWI. • King Alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931; Spain became a republic. • Republican gov. began social reforms (limiting the Catholic church, land redistribution, etc.) that were opposed by right-wing political groups who wanted to restore the old order.
Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists • July 1936: Right-wing army chiefs staged an uprising in Spanish Morocco that spread to Spain. • For the next 3 years the conservative Spanish Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco battled the left-wing Loyalists (Spanish Republicans) for control of Spain.
Spain Morocco
Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists • Foreign powers soon became involved with the civil war: • The Soviet Union supported the Loyalists. • Germ. and Italy supported the Nationalists. • Volunteers from Brit., Fr., the U.S., and other countries joined the Spanish InternationalBrigade and fought for the Republican cause against fascism. • The govs. of the Western demos., however, refused to intervene because they feared a general Euro. war.
Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists • Hitler viewed Germ. participation as a way to strengthen ties with Italy and to secure a vital supply of Spanish iron ore and magnesium. • Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe (Germ. air force) saw this an a opportunity to 1) prevent the spread of Communism, and 2) an excuse to test out the new air force: the Condor Legion, an all Germ. air and ground force. • The Condor Legion used Spanish towns and cities as testing grounds for new weapons and military tactics (combined use of fire and high-explosive bombs).
Messerschmitt Bf 109 library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01843/wwII.html • Fast, light, and considered to be the greatest prop interceptor ever built. • Prototype in 1935; tested during the Spanish Civil War. • In WWII they were used to escort German bombers. • They were more agile then the British Hurricane, but less agile then the Spitfire; thus British aviation prevailed. • 35,000 different versions were built in Germany and in other countries.
Spanish Civil War and Rise of the Fascists • Summer 1936: Nationalists have taken over most of western Spain. • 1938: Soviets stop sending aid to the Loyalists; Franco Francisco launches final offensive. • March 1939: Franco enters Madrid, the last of the Loyalist strongholds, and is victorious. • Despite being a Fascist dictator, Franco does not ally himself with Italy and Germ. at this time.
Germans and Italians Aid Franco in Spain: New Weapons and Tactics [00:52]
