War and Peace

1. War and Peace How has war changed? • Cost has increased dramatically – total military expenditure is approx. £1.5 million a minute, due to the need for the development of new technology like chemical weapons and weapons research. • Weapons have changed – wars used to be fought with guns alone, now we have nuclear and chemical weapons. • At the beginning of the century, 90% of victims of war were soldiers, now 90% of victims are civilians, because weapons are becoming more difficult to target at specific people. • Potential for damage has changed – countries now have the capability to wipe out the entire human race. If a third world war were to occur and nuclear weapons were used, we would be in a situation of mutually assured destruction. The Just War theory War must have a just CAUSE, a justifiable reason War must be the last RESORT, negotiation must have been tried. War must be started by the legitimate ruling AUTHORITY War must use PROPORTIONALITY, only as much force as is necessary and not involve civilians War must bring PEACE and justice. The effects of War • Ill health – people can suffer for years with the effects of gas bombs, loss of limbs and burns • Psychological – some people suffer from post traumatic stress disorder after what they have seen in the war • Environmental damage to land and wildlife • Refugees – estimated 15 million world wide who have had to leave homes to live in another country CRAPP

2. Nuclear Weapons The first nuclear bomb was dropped on Hiroshima Japan on the 6th August 1945, by an American B29 bomber named the Enola Grey. Nuclear weapons are regarded as being the most destructive because: • Destructive capability – MAD • Radiation – nuclear fallout can cause radiation sickness, and can effect families for generations • Environmental damage – nuclear fallout pollutes water and makes land unusable for hundreds of years. • Indiscriminate killing -impossible to target individual groups such as the army and so many civilians are killed. Chernobyl, Ukraine – 26th April 1986, explosion at a nuclear power plant cause 600,000 people to be exposed to radiation. Caused 4,000 deaths from cancer, children still being born today with birth deformities because of it. Unilateral Disarmament – when one country disarms regardless of the actions of others Multilateral Disarmament – all countries give up weapons • Britain should get rid of its nuclear weapons • Gives a lead to other countries to disarm • Money could be spent on better things – Trident Nuclear submarines cost £100 billion each over their lifetime • Protect future generations – would not live with nuclear threat • Having weapons makes us a target to others • Could feel pressured to use them • Potential for nuclear accidents like Chernobyl • Britain should not get rid of its nuclear weapons • Protects the country – deterrent to others because you have capacity to retaliate • Maintains balance of power between countries • Makes you weak if you don’t have them • May be a target if you do not have them • Cannot get rid of the knowledge of how to make a nuclear bomb, so it is better to have them

3. Somebody who believes all violence is wrong. A pacifist would never fight in a war. Some pacifists are pacifists because of religious beliefs, eg. Martin Luther King. Pacifist Conscientious Objector A person who refuses to fight in a particular conflict because off the terms of that war. • Why may Christians be pacifists? • Thou shalt not kill (6th commandment) • The body is a temple of the Holy Spirit (St Paul’s letter to the Corinthians) • Man is made in the image of God (Genesis) • Martin Luther King refused to use violence in his campaign for racial equality in America; he used non violent direct action; • Sit ins - where blacks and whites sat together in areas which should be segregated • Marches – freedom march on Washington 1963 • Boycotts – Bus boycott and Rosa Parks 1955 • Freedom Rides – greyhound buses – whites and blacks together • Speeches – “I have a Dream” • He achieved 3 important things before he was assassinated in 1968: • Public places no longer segregated • Great deal of support including presidents JFK and Nixon • Black people won the right to vote - 1965 Was Jesus a pacifist?

4. He is a Christian who began as a pacifist, but changed hi view and decided that sometimes violence is justified in order to bring justice. • Mandela was born in South Africa in 1918. He trained to be lawyer and joined the for an end to Apartheid. African National Congress to negotiate peacefully. Blacks suffered many hardships; no votes or rights, no proper jobs, bad housing on worst land. Mandela decided after joining the ANC in 1944 that violence was his only option, “ a necessary evil to defeat evil”. • He was arrested in 1963 and sent to Robben Island Prison, where he was held until 1990. • In 1994 he became the first democratically elected president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela • Why Christians may fight: • Cause is justified • Paul says in Romans 13 that God has put rulers where they are and Christians should obey them. If you are called up, you must serve – God is in ultimate control. • Nationalism and Jingoism (aggressive nationalism) – defending national pride • To overthrow a tyrant or dictator • Agree with their country defending another – Christians wish to defend other Christians. Terrorism • Use of violence or the threat of violence to create a climate of fear. • They try to force a change in government or community, often targeting innocent civilians. • Terrorism can never be ‘just’ because it does not use proportionality and is never started by the state.

5. Bible Passages Romans 13: 1-7 Paul’s teaching on the authority of state Paul lived in the Roman empire. He believed that it was just and that Kings and Governments were put there by God Paul felt that you should always obey government because if you disobeyed you would be punished and they had been put there by God’s power. But today, not all rulers are just, so some Christians like MLK did not obey. Matthew 5: 38-48 Jesus’ teaching on forgiveness You have heard it said “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. I tell you do not retaliate. If someone wants to sue you for your tunic let him have your cloak as well. If someone forces you to go one mile, go two. You have heard it said “Love your neighbour and hate your enemy” I tell you love your enemy and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be sons of you father in Heaven. Jesus quotes Moses, and says something different, he wants you to want what is best for your enemy. In a war situation, this would mean having more negotiations and not harming prisoners of war. Matthew 26: 47-53 The arrest of Jesus After sharing the Last Supper, Jesus went to the Garden of Gethsemane to pray for strength for the crucifixion. Whilst he was praying, Judas brought chief priests and guards to arrest him. Peter realised what was happening and ran forward to attack the guard. Jesus said, “Put your sword back in its place, for all who draw the sword will doe by the sword”. This suggests Jesus was against violence. Luke 4: 16-21 The work of the Messiah Jesus went to Nazareth and on the Sabbath went to the synagogue. He read form Isaiah in the Torah, and it said, “The spirit of the Lord is upon me. He has sent me to bring good news to the poor, proclaim freedom for prisoners, to give sight to the blind and release the oppressed.” May Christians believe that this means it is sometimes right to fight is there is a just cause, eg people who have been falsely imprisoned. Mark 11: 15-18 Jesus throws traders out of the temple The court of the gentiles in the temple had been turned into a market place; people were selling animals and cheating when exchanging money. The gentiles therefore had nowhere to pray. Jesus overturned the tables of the traders, and said, “My house is a house of prayer for all nations. But you have turned it into a den of thieves.” Jesus’ aggressive approach may make some people think he is not a pacifist.

6. The Developing World Resources are not divided equally… 80% of the world population have 20% of the resources. 20% of the world population have 80% of the resources. A DEVELOPING country is a poor or primitive country which is developing better social and economic conditions. Key features of a “third world country” are; lower average income, shorter life expectancy, underdeveloped infrastructure, low economic growth, poor education system.

7. Our 6 Basic Needs Every has has 6 basic needs, without which we cannot survive. • Food – if we do not receive enough food or the right types of food, we could suffer from malnutrition or starvation. • Water – is essential for life. Helps to clean, stops disease, and keeps us hydrated. The water must be clean, and free from microorganisms that could cause cholera for example. 600 people die every hour due to lack of clean water. • Healthcare – clean hospitals which are well staffed with good resources, including health education and immunisation. In Uganda, over a period of 10 years, 1.5 million children became orphans because their parents died of AIDS. • Education – most people agree that education should be a right for all children. If a country cannot even feed its people, education would be a low priority. In 2000, 125 million children aged between 6 and 11 will not be in school. • Shelter – somewhere to live to protect us from the weather • Work – people must have jobs in order to earn money to support themselves and their families.

8. The Poverty Cycle • Causes of the problems in Developing Countries… • Harsh climate and environment • Corrupt Government • National Debt • Resources taken by other countries • Vulnerable • Terms of Trade – receiving little money for produce

9. Barriers to Trade Western and wealthier countries have encouraged poorer countries to grow “cash crops” like coffee beans, rather than food to eat for themselves. Often high taxes are put on import goods like instant coffee to stop competition from Western companies. • Terms of Trade • Farmers do not receive fair payment for their products. The Fair Trade Foundation is supported by many Christian charities, like Christian Aid, and it aims to; • Ensure farmers have fair and stable prices for goods • Guarantee extra income for farmers and estate workers • Have greater respect for the environment • Help smaller farms have a stronger position in world markets • Have a closer link between producers and consumers National Debt Money was loaned to developing countries by Western banks. Instead of building schools, hospitals etc. it was squandered by corrupt government officials. The currency of developing countries is often weak, and so it takes more money to pay off the loan in hard currency. If a country is in large amounts of debt to another, it has to spend most of its money on the repayments and little is left for healthcare, education etc. Sub-Saharan Africa pays back $10 billion dollars very year; this is 4 times the amount it spends on healthcare and education. At the G8 Summit in Gleneagles Scotland, it was agreed by the countries ( USA, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Japan, Germany and Canada) that the £3.3 billion debt of the 20 poorest countries should be written off.

10. Environment Many developing countries suffer extreme climatic conditions; intense heat and drought means that animals and crops die, so people cannot be fed. Sometimes the drought is followed by severe flooding, also destroying crops, animals, shelter, and killing people. Short term solutions can often cause long term damage to the environment, like when trees are cut down to make charcoal. Poor and Corrupt Government Some countries are so poor that the government has little money to spend. Some developing countries have a history of unstable political systems. Some governments rule by dictatorship and fear, rather than democracy. There may be wars in the country, which adds to the instability. Short and Long Term Aid SHORT TERM (EMERGENCY) AID is sent to an area which has been affected by natural disaster or by social problems which have resulted in War. Aid is sent which is specific to that disaster. Examples; tents to provide shelter to those fleeing war; medical aid to help initial casualties following an earthquake; food needed by victims can sometimes be dropped by air. LONG TERM AID is given over a long period of time. Its aim is to develop self sufficiency rather than dependency, and help the country to help themselves. Examples; tools and basic equipment given to farmers; education programmes about the spreading of HIV; the goat scheme (2 goats given, milk for people, adults can work and children go to school because they are healthier; provide manure for crops, crops sold and eaten, give income, goats produce kids, they are given to another family.)

11. Bible Passages The sheep and the goats Matthew 25: 31-46 The Lord will judge all people, and separate them into two groups, as a shepherd separates sheep from goats. The King will say to people on the right, ‘Come, my Father has given you his blessing. Receive the kingdom God has prepared for you since the world was made. I was hungry and you gave me food. I was thirsty, and you gave me something to drink. I was alone and away from home, and you invited me into your house. I was without clothes, and you gave me something to wear. I was sick and you cared for me” The people on the left had not done these things. ‘I tell you the truth, anything you refused to do for even the least of my people here, you refused to do for me. These people will go off to be punished for ever,, but the good people will go to live forever’. The rich fool Luke 12: 13-21 There was a rich man who had some land which grew a good crop. He thought to himself, ‘What will I do? I have no place to store my crops.’ Then he said, ‘This is what I will do; I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store my grain and other goods’. He thought that he could then have enough good things stored to last for many years. But God said to him, ‘Foolish man! Tonight, your life shall be taken from you.” This is how it will be for those who store up things for themselves, and are not rich towards God. The rich man and LazarusLuke 16: 19-31 There was a rich man who everyday lived in luxury, and a poor man named Lazarus who laid at the rich man’s gate. Lazarus died, and the angels carried him to the arms of Abraham. The rich man also died and was buried. In the place of the dead, the rich man saw Abraham with Lazarus at his side, and called to him; “Father Abraham, have mercy on me! Send Lazarus to dip his finger in water and cool my tongue because I am suffering in this fire!” But Abraham told the rich man that no one could cross the deep pit between them. The rich man asked Abraham to send Lazarus to warn his 5 brothers about what had happened to him, so that they would not go to that place of pain. Abraham refused, saying that they had the law of Moses and writings of the prophets, and they should learn from them. Barnabas and the early church Acts 4: 32-37 A group of believers shared everything. The apostles were telling people that Lord Jesus truly was raised from the dead. God blessed all the believers much. Sometimes, they would sell their houses and land and give the money to the apostles, who would give it to people in need. Barnabas (whose name was Joseph) sold his field, and gave the money to the apostles.

12. The Environment The Story of Creation Genesis 1 Day 1. God created light and separated it from dark. Day 2. God expanded out of water to separate water from sky to create the heavens. Day 3. Land appeared and vegetation grew on the land. Day 4. The moon, sun and stars created to separate the day from night and to separate the seasons. Day 5. God created the creatures of the sea and the birds of the air. Day 6. God created the beasts of the land and created man in his own image to rule over all the Earth and living creatures. Day 7. God rested and made the day Holy. Harming the Earth DEFORESTATION – reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. AIR POLLUTION – greenhouse gases causes global warming. CFC GASES DESTROYING THE OZONE LAYER – more UV radiation reaches Earth and causes malignant melonoma. WATER POLLUTION - oil spills kill animals and destroy habitats.

13. What can individuals do..? • Write to local MPs – those who can influence the community • Join an environmental group like Greenpeace. • Give money to environmental organisations • Recycle at home and work/school What can groups do..? • Conservation of specific areas, like the National Trust and National Parks. Cleaning local parks and canals, repairing fences and footpaths. • Publicise green issues – Greenpeace sprays baby seals with a bright harmless paint so that they are not hunted for their fur. WWF sponsors guard patrols to stop illegal ivory trade. What can governments do..? • Raise issues at world summits. • Ministers raised issues about conservation with African MPs and talked to Russia about nuclear submarines leaking waste into the sea. • Governments can set pollution reducing targets, like the 1987 Montreal Protocol which banned CFC gases.

14. The people we rely on for support, our closest relationships. Parent, best friend, partner. Primary Relationships Decisions on Life & Living: Relationships, Marriage and Divorce Secondary Relationships Necessary relationships which can also shape our lives, like teachers and classmates. Philos love – platonic love, or friendship Agape love – spiritual love which is considered the highest and purest form of love. Eros love – deep, intimate love, sexual love between partners.

15. Sex Pre marital sex – sex before marriage Adultery – sex when one or both of the people are married – having an affair. Promiscuity – having a careless attitude towards sex. Fornication – sexual activity outside of marriage. Christian attitude to Sex Sex outside of marriage is wrong. Corinthians I 6:18 – “He that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body. Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you.” Respect your bodies – it contains God’s spirit. “You were bought by God at a price”. God gave his son for us to live, so he has the right to tell us how to treat our bodies. “Sex affects the body”, like catching STDs. Matthew 5:27 “You must not be guilty of adultery. But I tell you that if anyone looks at a woman and wants to sin sexually with her, in his mind he has already done that sin with the woman”. Adultery is also against the 7th commandment in Exodus 20:1-17.

16. Marriage • Christians believe in 4 main purposes for marriage; • Companionship – friendship for life • Commitment – to the person you love • Children – bring children up in a loving, secure home. • Sex – to control and direct sexual instinct. The Christian church teaches that marriage is the context in which to bring up children – Genesis, God’s commandment to Adam. He told Adam and Eve to “Be fruitful, and increase in number”. • The wedding ceremony has 4 parts; • Declaration – Vicar asks if anyone has a reason for the couple not to get married. • Vows – exchange of promises and rings • Proclamation – couple are declared man and wife. • Blessing – “Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder”, meaning nobody should break the bond of marriage that had been made before God. …as a Sacrament. RC believe in these rituals/ceremonies through which Christians come to know God better. Marriage in a church is a sacramental bond between the couple which should not be broken.

17. Marriage Ephesians 5:21-23 says wives should submit to their husbands as the Church submits to Christ. Teaches that men should love their wives as much as they love themselves as Christ loved the church. It also tells Christians that once married, they should both leave their parents and become “one flesh”. When a couple are married, they are husband and wife. Divorce Church of England – divorce granted in certain circumstances. Roman Catholic Church – does not accept divorce. Annulment can be offered to a couple if one was forced into the marriage Free Churches – Accepts divorce. When love dies, it is better to divorce than live a lie. God is “open to the future” and church should be flexible. Orthodox Church – Accepts in some circumstances vows cannot be kept and couple should be released form vows. Christians generally would encourage divorce to be a last resort. Couples should try to communicate their issues with each other; cooperate with each other and come to a compromise; spend time together to reconcile; and seek counselling from Relate or Marriage Care.

18. Divorce • Christians who are against divorce base their view on; • Marriage is a sacrament and no one can break the sacrament other than God. • Marriage is a life long commitment and you should not break the promise you made in front of God. • In Mark 10, it states that Jesus is against the divorce of a man and wife. • Divorce will have a negative effect on children. • All couple will experience difficult periods, but they must be worked through to make the relationship stronger. Remarriage Church of England – officially vicars should not marry divorcees but can offer a service of blessing. RC – Does not accept remarriage at all. Methodist – Treat cases individually. Take a compassionate view that people make mistakes. Orthodox – Church has the authority to grant marriage and divorce. Believe God is willing to forgive mistakes and remarriage is accepted. Matthew 5:32 Anyone who divorces and remarries commits adultery. Anyone who marries a divorcee is also guilty of adultery.

19. Sanctity of Life: Abortion Where does life begin? At day 21, the heart of a foetus begins to beat. A baby is viable from 23 weeks. • Abortion and the Law • The Abortion Act 1967 [revised 1990] sates that 2 doctors must agree that at least one of the following reasons exists for an abortion to be granted; • Mother’s life at risk if pregnancy continues • Mother’s mental/physical health is at risk (social clause) • Baby is physically disabled or unlikely to live long after birth. • Risk to existing children. The limit for abortion is 24 weeks. If a baby is disabled, it may take place anytime up until full term, 39 weeks. Christianity and Abortion Christians believe in the sanctity of life. This means that all life was made by God and is sacred. Genesis 1:26-27 writes that man was created by God in his own image. Therefore the child is a gift from God, and no one but God has the power to take that life away. St Paul 1 Corinthians 6:12-20 reminds Christians that the body is a temple of the holy spirit, and by harming a baby within that body you are not respecting God who is there. The 6th commandment Thou Shalt not Kill Exodus 20:1-17. By aborting the baby you are disregarding God’s law. Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart. Jeremiah 1:5 indicates that God created us all as individuals and life starts from the moment of conception.

21. Sanctity of Life: Euthanasia Mercy Killing vs Murder • Euthanasia is not suicide but the assisted ending of someone's life who is suffering. It is a Greek word literally meaning “good death”. There are two types; • voluntary euthanasia - the person concerned asks someone to help them die, perhaps by asking for help to take an overdose of painkillers • involuntary euthanasia - euthanasia is carried out without the patient’s consent, for example, if they are in a persistent vegetative state and no longer able to live without a life support machine, which is then switched off. • The HYPOCRATIC OATH is a promise which all doctors must swear by. It includes them swearing to always preserve life and will not assist in the ending of a life even if asked to do so. Christianity and Euthanasia • Christians are against euthanasia; • All life was created by God and is sacred. Genesis 1:26, God made man in his own image. 1 Corinthians 6:19, The body is a temple of the Holy Spirit. • It is wrong to take life, the 6th commandment in Exodus 20:13, Thou shalt not kill. • 3. For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted. Ecclesiastes 3:1-4 states that human beings are not meant to choose when they die. Only God should have the decision.

22. Crime and Punishment SIN – breaking God’s will by thought, word or action. CRIME - action that goes against the law of you country for which punishment is laid down – violation of the law. • People commit crime because; • Thrill of getting caught • Poverty – only way to survive • Boredom • Fuel an addiction • Crimes of passion • Family & upbringing • Peer pressure • Revenge • Types of punishment; • Prison – liberty removed. A Consecutive sentence is when time is served for many crimes one after another. Concurrent is when one sentence is served for more than one crime. • Fines • Community service • Loss of license • Penalty points • Corporal punishment • Caution • Suspended sentence • Electronic tagging device • Aims of punishment; • Protection – keeps criminal away form opportunity of crime and protects society. Prison. • Retribution – you deserve to be punished in a n appropriate way for the crime you have committed. 3. Deterrence – hopefully stop criminal offending again and put others off. Community Service. 4. Vindication – punished so that the law is respected by all. Fines. 5. Reform – Christian aim. Criminals need help to change themselves. Drug counselling.

23. Capital Punishment The death penalty is no longer used in Britain, nut is legal in 30 out of 50 states in USA. • Christians against the death penalty; • Matthew 5:38-42. The sermon on the Mount. Jesus teaches that we should forgive those who have sinned and pray for those who do, and love our enemies. • Luke 15:11-32. The Forgiving father parable. Rejoice when those who turn away from the light return. When somebody commits wrong and asks for forgiveness this should be celebrated. • John 8:1-11. The woman in adultery. You should forgive everyone for no-one is without sin. • Luke 23:32-43 The Penitent Thief. Jesus forgave the thief who admitted his wrongs and welcomed him into Heaven. We should do the same. • Matthew 18:23-35. The unmerciful Servant. If you have been forgiven, you should forgive others with the same degree of mercy. Christians for the Death Penalty: Exodus 21:23-24 “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”

24. Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice is prejudging a person when not knowing the facts. It is having a bias feeling or attitude about a person or group of people. Discrimination is prejudice in action. Acting differently towards a person because of their race, religion, age, sex, skin colour etc. Christ’s teachings on Prejudice and Discrimination • The Centurion’s Servant Luke 7:10. Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion, because the gentile believed that Jesus had the power to do this from far away. By helping a man of a different religion, Jesus shows he is not racist. • Luke 10:25-37 Parable of the Good Samaritan. Jesus tells in his story that anyone in need is your neighbour. He teaches that regardless of religion, you should help people, as Jesus did. • Jesus healed the disabled and ill. Lepers were made total outcasts in this time, but Jesus would speak to them. He would heal the deaf and the blind, and let them touch him. He healed Jairus’ daughter (Luke 8:40). He helped anyone in need. • Galatians 3:28 “There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” This suggests all are equal in God’s eyes, and no one should be considered better than another.

25. Martin Luther King Born in Atlanta, Georgia, USA on 15th January 1929. He became a Baptist minister in a church in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1955, MLK lead the Bus Boycott movement in Montgomery. This was provoked by the actions of Rosa Parks, when she refused to give up her seat to a white person on a segregated bus. The bus boycott lasted for 382 days, during which blacks walked or car pooled to get around. It lead bus companies to change their regulations and the Supreme Court rules that “such segregation was unconstitutional”. In 1957 King was active in the organisation of the Southern Leadership Christian Conference (SLCC), formed to co-ordinate protests against discrimination. He advocated non-violent direct action based on the methods of Gandhi, who led protests against British rule in India culminating in India's independence in 1947. King believe in non aggressive passive resistance, and boycotted the buses just as Ghandi boycotted British goods in India. MLK won the Nobel Peach Prize in 1964, after delivering his famous “I have a dream” speech during his march on Washington. In 1965, he lead a campaign to win blacks the right to vote. The same year, US congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which outlawed the discriminatory practices which stopped blacks voting in the South. He was assassinated on 4 April 1968 during a visit to Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray.