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NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA

H.K. Pradhan 1 , J.P. Gurbuxani 2 , F. Cliquet 3 , B. Pattnaik 1 , S.S. Patil 1 , A. Regnault 4 , H. Begouen 4 , A.L. Guiot 5 , R. Sood 1 , P. Mahl 4 , R. Singh 1 , E. Picard 3 , M.F.A. Aubert 6 , J. Barrat 3 , F.X. Meslin 7. NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA .

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NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA

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  1. H.K. Pradhan1, J.P. Gurbuxani2, F. Cliquet3, B. Pattnaik1, S.S. Patil1, A. Regnault4, H. Begouen4, A.L. Guiot5, R. Sood1, P. Mahl4, R. Singh1, E. Picard3, M.F.A. Aubert6, J. Barrat3, F.X. Meslin7 NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA 1HSADL-High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Petswill, Kesar Complex, Malhar Road, Gurudev Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India 3 AFSSA, National Research Laboratory on Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory on Rabies, EU Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, Malzéville, France 4 VIRBAC Laboratories, B.P. 27, 06511 Carros Cedex, France 5 Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, Santé, 69110 Sainte Foy les Lyon, France 6 AFSSA, Small Ruminants and Bee Research Laboratory, 105 route des Chappes, BP 111, F-06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France 7 World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

  2. EPIDEMIOLOGY • India has 27 million dogs ( Dog : Human ratio 1 : 40 ) • Stray dog population – 80% • Animal bite incidence – 17.5 million per year - 66% children • Every 2 seconds a man is bitten by dog • Every ½ Hour a man dies of rabies • More than 20000 human death every year • 40 % of people bitten by dogs do not go for treatment

  3. EPIDEMIOLOGY CONT. • India has highest incidence of rabies in the world(80%) • 96% human rabies due to dog bite, out of which 11% due to pet dog bite • Rest 4% due to contact with jackals, cats, monkeys, mongoose etc. • For the last 10 years human death figure is constant. • In army – 1 death per 6 lakh soldiers • Death in other animals – Data not available • Death of one cattle per 1 lakh cattle ( 2830 )

  4. RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA No systematic programme Animal Birth Control ( ABC ) Catch, neuter, vaccinate and release – 1.4 lakh (0.52 %) Neutering policies not well defined Vaccination of reservoir population – Best choice India spends Rs 1500 crores ( US$ 375m) for rabies vaccine in humans

  5. RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA ( CONTD..) Availability of vaccines Nervous tissue vaccine – Discontinued in Nov. 2004 but used in some places Tissue culture vaccine - Limited supply Oral rabies vaccine – Not available Annual requirement – 30 million doses Available – 18 million doses Net deficit – 12 million doses Introduction of oral vaccine ( SAG –2 ) Testing under Indian conditions - must

  6. SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2) PREPARATIONS • All the dogs were dewormed and vaccinated against canine distemper, Rubarth hepatitis, parvo virus and leptospirosis. • Pre-vaccinated animals tested for antibody and virus. • Immunosupression with Vetalog-4 Inj. of 1.2 mg.

  7. SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2) Vaccine Safety • Group-I(normal dogs) vaccinated - 4 • Group-II (Immunosuppressed) vaccinated- 5 • Group-III Control -3 Vaccine Efficacy • Group-IV (vaccinated & challenged) – 9 • Group-V (Unvaccinated challenged) – 5 Challenged I/M with street virus ( 100 MICLD50) on 28th day

  8. SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2) • Clinical observation Safety trial – 219 days Efficacy trial – 199 days • Saliva collection- For excretion of vaccine virus (D0 to D5) • Neutralizing antibody detection after vaccination : D0, D14, D28, D56

  9. RESULTS • Bait acceptance – 2-20 minutes. • Safety – No side effects in vaccinated dogs. • All 9 vaccinated and challenged dogs survived (90 days post challenge) • All the 5 unvaccinated & challenged dogs died within 25-35 days. • All the control challenged dogs had virus in hippocampus and salivary glands. ( FAT) • No virus detected in vaccinated and challenged dogs. • Neutralizing antibodies ( >0.5IU/ml) 14 days post vaccination - 5/13 did not persist 28 days post vaccination - 4/13 56 days post vaccination - 5/13 Unvaccinated dogs - No antibody. Antibodies present in 7/13 dogs

  10. FIELD TRIALS ON BATING Bait Acceptance –92 %

  11. BAITING OF STRAY DOGS

  12. PILOT PROJECT ON ORAL RABIES VACCINATION OF STRAY DOGS Indian Govt. approved the project for 5 years No. of doses to be used – 0.8 million 1st year - 0.1 million doses 2nd year - 0.1 million doses 3rd year - 0.2 million doses 4th year - 0.2 million doses 5th year - 0.2 million doses

  13. WHO recommendations for the implementation of oral vaccination projects • The "road map" of a national strategy could be : • To select one or several candidate vaccines. • To choose an already available bait or to develop a new one • To evaluate the acceptability of the chosen bait(s) in the target population; • To conduct dog population studies to better define the target populations for parenteral and oral immunization • To estimate vaccination coverage established in a given community by oral and parenteral immunization • To monitor the rabies situation in dogs, other species and human • To provide sufficient information to the public to secure public support and cooperation.

  14. CONCLUSION • In India with 27 million dogs animal birth control ( CNVR ) is not a solution. • Vaccination is the best choice – parenteral for accessible dogs and oral vaccination for non-accessible dogs • Shortage of conventional vaccines • ORV ( SAG-2 ) is convenient in immunization of stray dogs • Bait acceptance is 92 % • ORV is safe for people who live close to dogs as no salivary secretion of virus • Safe for dogs as no adverse clinical signs and no replication of virus

  15. Thank You

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