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Rules of The Road Purpose and Scope

Rules of The Road Purpose and Scope. Agenda . This section of instruction will cover the Rules of the Road, as published in the Navigation Rules (COMDTINST M16672.2D). References. COMDTINST M16672.2D Referred to by mariners as the “Rules of the Road”. Navigation Rules Purpose and Scope.

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Rules of The Road Purpose and Scope

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  1. Rules of The Road Purpose and Scope

  2. Agenda • This section of instruction will cover the Rules of the Road, as published in the Navigation Rules (COMDTINST M16672.2D)

  3. References • COMDTINST M16672.2D Referred to by mariners as the “Rules of the Road”

  4. Navigation RulesPurpose and Scope • AGENDA: • Purpose and Scope • Principles of Maritime Law • Rule #1 Applicability • Rule #2 Rule of Good Seamanship • Rule #3 General Definitions • Applicable reading: USCG pp. 1-11.

  5. Purpose of Scope of the Rules of the Road • Sources: • 1972 COLREGS (International Rules) • Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea • Amended in 1983, 1989, 1991 by the IMO • 1980 Navigation Rules Act (Inland Rules) • Applies exclusively to US inland waters • NOTE: Navigation Rules have the force of law.

  6. Rule 1(a): Applicability • Nav Rules apply based upon a vessel’s location. • COLREGS Line of Demarcation • “These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.”

  7. Rule 2: Responsibility • “Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman.” • General Prudential Rule: the mariner is responsible not only for complying with the Rules but also for avoiding a collision. • Special Situations • In extremis situations

  8. Special Situations(not covered by the Rules)

  9. What is Good Seamanship? A. Turn around and go the other way. B. Speed up and pass vessel B on her starboard side. C. Overtake Vessel B on her port side after signaling. D. Slow down and stay behind Vessel B.

  10. Rule 3: General Definitions • Vessel • Power driven vessel • Sailing vessel • Underway • Making way • Not making way Special Conditions • Vessel engaged in fishing • Not under command • Restricted in ability to maneuver • Constrained by draft (int’l rules only)

  11. Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel • Vessel: includes every description of water craft used or capable of being used as a means on transportation on water. • Includes: • Power-driven vessels • Sailboats • Seaplanes • Non-displacement craft • WIG • “Power driven vessel”

  12. Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel engaged in fishing • Vessel engaged in fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability. • Does NOT include: • Vessel engaged in trolling.

  13. Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel not under command • Vessel not under command means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstances is unable to maneuver to comply with the Rules. • Examples: • Propulsion casualty • Steering casualty

  14. Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel restricted in ability to maneuver • Vessel restricted in ability to maneuver means a vessel which from the nature of her work is unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. • Examples: • Laying navaids • Dredging/Surveying • UNREP • Flight Ops • Mineclearance Ops

  15. Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel constrained by draft • Vessel constrained by draft means a power driven vessel which, because of her draft in relation to the available depth is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from her present course.

  16. Rule 3: DefinitionsUnderway, Not-underway

  17. Rule 3: DefinitionsRestricted Visibility

  18. Rule 3: DefinitionsRestricted Visibility • Fog • Falling snow • Heavy Rainstorms • Sand storms • Similar circumstances

  19. Rule 3: DefinitionsWIG Wing-in-ground (WIG) craft: a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.

  20. Rule 4: Application Defines the application of rules 5-10 These rules apply in ANY visibility

  21. Rule 5: Look-out • Application (Rule 4) - Any condition of visibility • Look-out (Rule 5) • Maintain Proper Lookout • Use all available means • Binoculars/Radar • Bearing circle/Alidade • Must use sight and hearing • Night vision devices • Also required at anchor

  22. Rule 6: Safe Speed • Determinants of Safe Speed • State of visibility • Traffic density • Stopping distance and turning ability • Presence of background lighting • State of winds, sea, and current • Draft of vessel in relation to charted depth • Effectiveness of Radar

  23. Rule 7: Risk of Collision • Risk of Collision (Rule 7) • Use all available means to determine • Early use of RADAR • Don’t make assumptions • Risk of collision exists when vessels have: • CBDR: Constant Bearing, Decreasing Range • Very High Bearing Drift • Bearing drift is the most important determinant of risk of collision

  24. Rule 8: Action to Avoid Collision • Obedience must be timely and substantial. • Two variables can be altered to avoid collision: course and speed. • Change course to avoid “close-quarters” situations • Slacken speed or take all way off to avoid collision • Escape Clause: “if the circumstances of the case admit” • You are not required to put yourself in a worse condition to avoid collision (e.g.. run aground)

  25. Rule 9: Narrow Channels • Narrow Channels (Rule 9) • Stay on the “right” side of the channel • Sailing vessels and vessels < 20 meters shall not impede vessels restricted to the channel. • Fishing vessels shall not impede • Crossing vessels shall not impede

  26. Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes • Traffic Separation Schemes (Rule 10) • Use small angle of approach to enter/depart • Cross the scheme at right angles • You can fish in the lanes as long as you do not impede passage of the other vessels

  27. Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes 2. CROSS AT RIGHT ANGLES 3. ENTER @ SMALL ANGLE 1. PROCEED IN APPROPRIATE LANE 4. AVOID ANCHORING

  28. Rule 11:Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another • Application rule Rules 12-18 • Applies to all vessels in sight of one another

  29. Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 12: Sailing Vessels

  30. Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 13: Overtaking • Rule 13 requires the overtaking vessel to keep out of the way of the vessel being passed. *a vessel 22.5 abaft the beam is overtaking – all others are crossing situations An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches • An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches another vessel more than 22.5deg abaft the beam.

  31. Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 14: Meeting (Head-on) Situation • Two vessels who are on reciprocal (or near reciprocal) courses and are at risk of collision • Rule 14 requires both power vessels to maneuver to starboard. An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches • A meeting situation exists if two power vessels approach on reciprocal or near reciprocal courses. • Because of the nature of the situation, there is no giveway vessel. Both are responsible to maneuver

  32. Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 15: Crossing Situation • Rule 15 requires the vessel that has the other on its starboard side to keep clear. An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches • At night the stand-on vessel sees the green sidelight of the give-way vessel, and the give-way vessel sees the red sidelight of the stand-on vessel.

  33. Stand-on Give-way Rule 15 (cont) Crossing Situation

  34. Rule 16: Give-way Vessel • Take early and substantial action to stay out of the way of the stand-on vessel

  35. Rule 17: Stand-on Vessel • Maintain course and speed • Take action if the give-way is not taking substantial action to avoid collision • If risk of collision exists and if circumstance admit it, avoid altering course to port.

  36. Rule 18: ResponsibilitiesBetween Vessels • Vessel being Overtaken • Vessel Not under command • Restricted in ability to maneuver • Vessel Constrained by draft • Vessel engaged in Fishing • Sailing vessels • Power driven vessels • Seaplanes • WIG Stay out of the way of:

  37. Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility • For vessels not in sight of one another • Observe a safe speed and have engines ready for immediate maneuvering. • Avoid altering course to port when another may exist forward of beam (except in overtaking situation) • Avoid altering course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam. • For fog signals heard forward of the beam=> reduce speed to minimum steerageway and navigate cautiously.

  38. Restricted Visibility Sunrise to Sunset Rules 20: Application of Lights and Dayshapes Sunset to Sunrise LIGHTS DAYSHAPES

  39. Rules 21-24: Lights and Dayshapes • AGENDA: • Rule #21 Definitions • Rule #22 Visibility of Lights • Rule #23 Power Driven Vessels Underway • Rule #24 Towing and Pushing • Applicable reading: USCG pp. 38-70.

  40. Purpose of Lights and Shapes • To indicate hierarchy under the steering and sailing rules. • To aid in the determination of stand on/give way status. • To indicate to an approaching vessel information not readily available by visual observation. • To identify the occupation of certain vessels. • To aid in the determination of angle on the bow (AOB) and course.

  41. Rule 22: Visibility of Lights Min Ranges TYPE OF LIGHT COLOR ARC 50M+ 12-50M Masthead white 225 6 nm 5 nm Sidelight red/green 112.5 3 nm 2 nm Sternlight white 135 3 nm 2 nm Towing yellow 135 3 nm 2 nm All around various 360 3 nm 2 nm Special Flashing yellow/blue 360 2 nm 2 nm Range Light - refers to the second masthead light placed aft and higher than the forward masthead light (>50 m) Flashing Light - flashes at regular intervals at 120 hz. Found on surfaced sub’s and non-displacement craft in the non-displacement mode.

  42. 22.5o 22.5o Rule 21 Definitions MASTHEAD LIGHT 225o

  43. 22.5o 22.5o Rule 21 Definitions (cont) SIDELIGHTS 112.5o 112.5o

  44. 22.5o 22.5o Rule 21 Definitions (cont) STERNLIGHT 135o

  45. 22.5o 22.5o Rule 21 Definitions (cont) TOWING LIGHT 135o

  46. Rule 21Definitions (cont) Masthead Lights 225o coverage Side Lights 112.5o coverage Bow Aspect

  47. Rule 21 Definitions (cont) 112.5o 112.5o 112.5o 112.5o + 135o 360o 135o

  48. Rule 21 Definitions (cont) ALL-ROUND LIGHT 360o

  49. Rule 21 Definitions (cont) FLASHING LIGHT (Color not specified, 120 fpm)

  50. Rule 21 Definitions (cont) SPECIAL FLASHING LIGHT (Yellow, 50 - 70 fpm) INLAND ONLY !

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