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Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture

Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp. Topics. Medieval Byzantine Architecture The Dark Ages Middle Byzantine Renaissance Late Byzantine Architecture Structures of the Dark Ages Structures of the Middle Byzantine Renassaince

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Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture

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  1. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

  2. Topics • Medieval Byzantine Architecture • The Dark Ages • Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Late Byzantine Architecture • Structures of the Dark Ages • Structures of the Middle Byzantine Renassaince • Structures of Late Byzantine

  3. Byzantine Architecture:Medieval Architecture • Medieval Byzantine architecture refers to Byzantine architecture after Justinian • Divided into three periods • The Dark Ages • Middle Byzantium Renaissance • Late Byzantium

  4. Byzantine Architecture:Medieval Architecture • The Dark Ages • 610 – 842 A.D. • Turbulent, architecturally meager time • Byzantium’s energy was sapped fighting powerful invaders • Fierce religious controversies over Iconoclasm • A rejection of religious images depicting Christian figures

  5. Byzantine Architecture:Medieval Architecture • Middle Byzantium Renaissance • 824 – 1204 • The empire had been relatively stabilized and reached a peak in the flowering of the arts and architecture

  6. Byzantine Architecture:Medieval Architecture • Late Byzantium • 1267 – 1453 • The Paleologian Dynasty came to power in Byzantine • Retained a surprisingly artistic creativity in architecture

  7. Byzantine Architecture:Dark Ages • Medieval Byzantine architecture becomes a strong style in Armenia during the late sixth and early seventh century A.D. • This style is highly realized in the St. Hripsime at Vagharshapat, Armenia

  8. Byzantine Architecture: Medieval Architecture • St. Hripsime at Vagharshapat, Armenia • Built in 618 A.D. • Scheme embodied an intricate configuration of sharply defined spaces and volumes • Features: • Domed center • Rectangular shell • Built of Roman concrete but faced in massive ashlar masonry • Provided a theme that most later mainstream medieval Byzantine architecture was based

  9. Byzantine Architecture: Dark Ages Photo: Sullivan

  10. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • This period represented a fairly conservative approach to architecture • Buildings served a common purpose • A meeting place for Christians serving the ritual mass • Features • Domed-core • Triple sanctuary to the East • Ancillary shell of space around the other three sides • Domes were used to represent Heaven, as in earlier structures

  11. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • The most common medieval Byzantine church is known as a “cross-in-a-square” scheme • Cross-shaped structure within a square or rectangular plan • Examples: • The Bodrum Camii in Constantinople • Panaghia Chalkeon in Greece • Church of Theotokos

  12. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • The Bodrum Camii in Constantinople • c. 920 • Poorly preserved • Embodies the cross-in-a-square theme Photo: Sullivan

  13. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Panaghia Chalkeon • Located in Greece • c. 1028 Photo: Sullivan

  14. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Church of Theotokos • Located at the Monastery of Hosios Loukas in Phocis, Greece Photo: Sullivan

  15. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Other plans during this period included: • Octagon-domed plan • Nea Moni in Chios • Greek Cross-octagon • Kathlikon Church at the Monastery of Hosios Loukas • Church of the Dormition in Daphni

  16. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Nea Moni in Chios • Imperial foundation built by Constantinopolitan architects between 1024 and 1056 A.D. • Triple-domed • Featured an inner-narthex with a single dome • Octagon-domed plan Photo: Sullivan

  17. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Kathlikon Church at the Monastery of Hosios Loukas • c. 1020 • One of the most brilliant Byzantine designs • Interior is pervaded by light from many different sources • Greek cross-octagon plan Photo: Sullivan

  18. Byzantine Architecture: Middle Byzantine Renaissance • Church of the Dormition in Daphni • c. 1100 A.D. • Greek cross-octagon plan Photo: Sullivan

  19. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture • Medieval Byzantine architecture was pushed to the limit during this period • Some critics believe it was pushed beyond the point of where balance and harmony were possible, but into excess and mannerism • Key Structures: • Pantanassa in Mistra • Parigoritissa Church at Arta • Church in Gracanica, Yugoslavia

  20. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture • Pantanassa in Mistra • c. 1428 A.D. • A domed-basilica • Two Storied structure • Lower story was a Western-style three-apsed, three-aisled basilica • Upper story was a cross-in-a-sqare church

  21. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture Photo: Sullivan

  22. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture • Parigoritissa Church at Arta • c. 1283 – 1296 Photo: Sullivan

  23. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture • Church in Gracanica, Yugoslavia • c. 1318 – 1321 • Considered one of the most intense and exaggerated structures in the Late Byzantine period • Considered a double cross-in-a-square structure • Outer foundations form a cross-in-a-square around the main structure, which is a cross-in-a-square

  24. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture Photo: Sullivan

  25. Byzantine Architecture: Late Byzantine Architecture Photo: Sullivan

  26. References • Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ • Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity • Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture

  27. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

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