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Changes in plant frugivore networks across a gradient…

Changes in plant frugivore networks across a gradient…. Why networks?. Tropical forests almost 90% tree species produce fleshy fruits High nutritive content of fruits an important resource for frugivores Energy flow (via fruit pulp) from plants to consumers Diversity versus interactions.

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Changes in plant frugivore networks across a gradient…

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  1. Changes in plant frugivore networks across a gradient…

  2. Why networks? • Tropical forests almost 90% tree species produce fleshy fruits • High nutritive content of fruits an important resource for frugivores • Energy flow (via fruit pulp) from plants to consumers • Diversity versus interactions

  3. Pattern of energy flow visualized by a network

  4. Quantitative and qualitative networks…

  5. Qualitative network… Presence/ absence data

  6. Quantitative network… Removal or foraging data

  7. Background to research question… Gradients • Anthropogenic • Rainfall • Habitat • Elevation

  8. Background Bird species Plant species

  9. Background… Simple Complex Simple

  10. Research question… • How do networks change across an elevational gradient? • What happens to patterns of interactions at mid elevations? • What are the important species?

  11. Methodology • Plots across altitudes with equal sampling to characterize diet • Complementary methods such as focal tree watches • Secondary information - middens - roosts - literature

  12. Low elevation High elevation How do networks change across an elevational gradient?Low and high elevation distinct species

  13. What happens to patterns of interactions at mid elevations? Mid elevation overlap of birds maintained

  14. Mid elevation overlap of birds maintained

  15. Low elevation High elevation Low and high elevation distinct species

  16. Mid elevations not maintained

  17. Assessing species importance: modules

  18. c: across module connectivity (Species-specific measure): how well is ‘A’ connected to other modules given all possible combinations?

  19. z: within module connectivity (Species-specific measure): e.g. how well is ‘4’ connected to species in its own module given all possible interactions?

  20. Important plants for animals… Across module

  21. Important plants for animals… Across module

  22. Important plants for animals… Across module

  23. Important plants for animals… Across module

  24. Important plants for animals… Across module

  25. Important plants for animals… Across module

  26. Important plants for animals… Across module

  27. Important plants for animals… Across module

  28. Important plants for animals… Across module

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