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This is English 4

This is English 4. Li Shudong. Unit 19 Urban and Rural Worlds. 现在分词的构成： work-working arrive-arriving produce-producing begin-beginning 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 the exploiting people 剥削人的人 the exploited people 被剥削的人 二、句法作用. . 现在分词做定语和状语 1. 做定语

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This is English 4

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  1. This is English 4 Li Shudong

  2. Unit 19 Urban and Rural Worlds • 现在分词的构成： • work-working arrive-arriving produce-producing begin-beginning 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 • the exploiting people 剥削人的人 • the exploited people 被剥削的人 • 二、句法作用

  3. .现在分词做定语和状语 • 1.做定语 • Don’t disturb the sleeping child. • Sixty million people living in rural areas are moving to cities every year. • The floating needle of a compass always points north and south. • Most of the students studying in the school are young people.

  4. 2.做状语 • Working in the plant, we learnt a lot from the workers.(When we worked in the plants……) Knowing her address, I can visit her personally. • The students came running. • I sat by the window, watching TV and reading books.

  5. Given better instructions, the watermelons could have grown bigger. • Not knowing her address, I can’t visit her personally. • When heated, ice will be changed into water. • I sat by the window, watching TV and reading books.

  6. 3.做补足语，常见的动词有find, get have hear keep make let see notice imagine • A.做宾语补足语： • We saw him going away. • All of us heard somebody singing in the next room. • We kept them waiting for a long time.

  7. B.做主语补足语： • He was seen going away. • Somebody was heard singing in the next room. • 注意分词完成时态： • Having taught English for ten years, she knows the grammar very well. • Having been given a wrong number,we couldn’t contact him over phone.

  8. 5.分词做独立主格：分词或分词短语带有自己的动作主体。5.分词做独立主格：分词或分词短语带有自己的动作主体。 • Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. • The experiment finished, we left the lab and went home.

  9. 分词与不定式在句法案上的区别： • 1）作定语时的区别： • 主动态分词作定语表示与谓语动作同时发生；而主动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如： • This is a factory producing computers. • A factory to produce computers is being built.

  10. 被动态的分词表示的动作在谓语动作之前完成；而被动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：被动态的分词表示的动作在谓语动作之前完成；而被动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如： • It is one of the problems solved at the meeting. • There are many problems to be solved

  11. 作补足语时的区别： • 分词和不定式作补足语都表示与谓语录同时发生，但分词强调“动作进行过程”；不定式强调“动作发生的事实”。试比较：

  12. 现在分词 不定式 • I saw her doing the experiment • 我看见她正在做实验。 • I saw her do the experiment. • 我看见她在做实验。 • She was seen doing experiment. She was seen to do experiment. • 人们看见她在做实验。

  13. 过去分词则表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。例如：过去分词则表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。例如： • We found the work completely done.我们发现工作全做好了。 • The work was found completely done. • 发现工作已完全做好了。

  14. Activity 1 Mega-cities 巨型城市 • 1.million:百万 • 2.inhabitant:居民 • 3.house ：给….提供住处 • 4.Tokyo: 东京 • 5.alone: 单独 • 6.combine:联合 • population:人口 • 7.total:总计 • 8.forecast:预测 • 9.urban:城市的

  15. 10.increase；增加 • 11.four times：四倍 • 12.rate；比率 • 13.rural:农村的 • 14.double:翻一倍 • 15:period；一段时间 • 16.billion:十亿 • 17.consequently:因此 • 18.two-thirds：三分之二 • 19.moreover：而且 • 20.developing countries：发展中国家

  16. 21.add to增加 • 22.Southeast Asia and Africa东南亚和非洲 • 23.consequence 后果 • 24.dramatic戏剧性的 • 25.on a scale 以…..规模 • 26.experience 经历 • 27.considerable 巨大的 • 28.result from:是…的结果 • 29.internal:内部的

  17. 30.migration；移居 • 31.rather than:而不是 • 32.international；国际的 • 33.cause:引起 • 34.variety各种各样的35.push and pull factors推力与拉力 • 36.due to 由于 • 37.pressure压力 • 38.availability可获得性

  18. 39.improve 提高 • 40.climate 气候 • 41.result in 结果 • 42.deforestation森林砍伐 • 43.alter 改变 • 44.social structure社会结构 • 45.lead to 导致 • 46.furthermore 而且 • 47.civil war 内战 • 48.regional 地区的 • 49.conflict 冲突

  19. 50.disruption动荡不安 • 51.on the other hand 另一方面 • 52.attract 吸引 • 53.demand 需求 • 54.labour 劳工 • 55.manufacture 制造 • 56.service服务 • 57.offer 提供 • 58.standard 标准 • 59.lucky 幸运的

  20. 60.tend to 倾向于…. • 61.personal 个人的 • 62.freedom 自由 • 63.economy 经济 • 64.expand；扩展 • 65.five-fold 五倍 • 66.therefore 因此

  21. 67.课文中的分词作状语 • 1).There are now 11 cities housing over 11 million people. 2)the world’s urban population, increasing at four times the rate of rural population, will double in the period of 1990-2025

  22. 3)This growth,adding around 60 million people per year to city populations,will be mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa. • 4)This is a change on a scale never before experienced, bringing with it considerable challenge and opportunities. • 5)Improved health brings population growth,causing people to move out of rural areas.

  23. 6)Such changes can alter the social structure,leading people to move. • 7)Civil war or regional conflicts also cause disruption,driving people out of rural areas. • Activity 8 • The +比较级…….，the +比较级…… • 表示：越……..， 越……..

  24. The smaller the families, the higher the standard of living. • The more educated they are, thehigher they care for their families. • The more ,the better. • Key to Activity 8 • 1.the better, the healthier,be • 2.the better , the less, be • 3.the worse, gets, the more, will be

  25. 4.the better, are, the more, they will have • 5.the more, are, the more, can work • 6.The more,work, the higher, they can have • 7.The bigger, the more, there is • 8.The faster, a city, the faster, grows

  26. Activity 10 • A Case Study:Desertification around the Gobi Desert • 1. Case Study :个案研究 • 2.desertification ：沙漠化 • 3.Gobi Desert：戈壁沙漠

  27. 4.the problems：问题 • 5.agricultural: 农业的 • 6.threaten：威胁 • 7.in addition：此外 • 8.soil erosion：水土流失 • 9.lead to：导致 • 10.loss of farmland：农田的流失

  28. 11.the drying up of rivers:河流干涸 • 12.consequently:因此 • 13.livelihood:生活 • 14.furthermore:而且 • 15.affect:影响 • 16.sand dune:沙丘 • 17.sandstorm:沙尘暴

  29. 18.frequent：经常的 • 19.situation:情况 • 20.pressure:压力 • 21.government:政府 • 22.take action:采取行动 • 23.The worse the situation, the more pressure there is .（情况越糟糕，压力越大。)

  30. Key to Activity 12 • 1.Industrialisation often causes harm to the environment,affecting both urban and rural ways of life. • 2.Soil erosion is one of the main factors causing desertification. • 3.Cars produce a lot of fumes leading to air pollution. • 4.Soil erosion has caused the loss of farmland threatening the livelihoods of 35 million people.

  31. the+最高级+现在完成时+ever结构: • 表示迄今为止已经完成或经历过得最…..的事情。 • It is the bestfilm I’ve ever seen. • It is one of the best concerts I have ever been to. • Key to Activity 15. • 1.It is one of the driest summers we have ever known. • 2.It is the coldest winter we’ve ever had.

  32. 3.It is the wettest day I’v ever experienced. • 4.It is one of the hottest weekends I’ve ever known. • 5.It is the warmest autumn we’v ever had. • 6.It is one of the most beautiful summers we ever had. • 7.It is the windiest night I’ve ever experienced. • 8.It is one of the coolest springs we’ve ever known.

  33. Unit 20 Consumer Society or the Wasteful Society 1.过去分词作定语： 1.1 构成 a)+ed look—looked save—saved cry—cried b) fly—flown see—seen give—given 1.2 过去分词短语作后置定语： 被动语态形式的定语从句才可以变为过去分词作为后置定语。

  34. I never eat sandwiches that are prepared the day before. • I never eat sandwiches prepared the day before. • 注意在英语中短语和句子的区别。 • He doesn’t like the movie which is directed by Zhang Yi Mou. • He doesn’t like the movie directed by Zhang Yi Mou. • 有些不是被动语态的定语从句就不能用于过去分词短语作后置定语。

  35. Tom always bring some food that we eat in our coffee break. • 2.情态动词can&must用于被动语态 • 谓语构成：情态动词+be + 过去分词 This kind of plant can be eaten as food. All the work must be done before lunch. The criminal should be punished.

  36. 3.真实条件句 • 3.1条件句对主句和从句的谓语要求： • A) 主将从现（表示将来或现在可能发生的事情和存在的情况。） • If I am free tomorrow, I will clean my room. • B) 主句和从句都用一般现在时（表示从句情况一旦发生，必然产生主句所说的结果） • If my boyfriend is in a good mood, he usually buys me flowers.

  37. If you go to your friends’ birthday party, you always take a present. • 4.现在完成时和现在完成进行时 • Activity 2 Global Food • 1. global 全球的 • 2. adapt 使适应，适应 • She adapted herself quickly to the local climate. • Our eyes adapted to the dark. • 3. fast food 快餐 • 4. junk food 小吃（垃圾食品）

  38. 5. convenience food方便食品 • 6. ready-made food 半成品 • 7. take-away 外卖 • 8. chains 连锁店 • 9.approximately =about 大约 • 10.consume 消费 • 11.distinctive 与众不同的，特别的 • 12.golden arch 金色拱门 • 13.apparently 明显的 • 14. franchise 授以特许权

  39. 15.fridge 冰箱 • 16.currently 最近 • 17.rot 腐烂 • 18.dispose 处理 • 19.regulation 规定，条例 • 20.deplete 损耗，减少 • 21.coolant 冷却剂 • 22.landfill 垃圾填埋 • 23.extract 取出，拔出 • 24.recyclable 可回收的，可循环的 • 25.precious = expensive 珍贵的

  40. 2726.platinum 白金， • .unsafe 不安全的 • 28.damage 损害，破坏 • 29.photocopying machine 复印机 • 30.video camera 录像机 • 31.shut down 关闭 • 32.toxic 有毒的

  41. Unit 21 Language focus:将来进行时 将来进行时由will+be+现在分词，强调在将来某一特定时间正在进行或要发生的动作。 1.Next month,the Arctic Sunrise will bevisiting the Philippines and Thailand. 下个月北极日出号将访问菲律宾和泰国。

  42. Key to Activity 3 • 1.I will be traveling for about a year. • 2.We will be showing people films about the benefits of wind power. • 3.We will be telling people about renewable energy. • 4.We will be stopping at major ports around the world. • 5.We won’t be visiting the same places as the Rain Warrior

  43. 6.We will be organizing exhibitions about the damage done to the environment. • 7.I won’t be seeing my family or friends for a long time.

  44. Greenpeace Launches Renewable Energy Global Tour • New words: • 1.Greenpeace:绿色和平组织 • 2.launch:发动 • 3.renewable:可更新的，可再生的 • 4.energy:能源 • 5.global:全球的 • 6.tour:旅行

  45. 7. In the lead up to :为了迎接 • 8.the Earth Summit地球峰会 • 9.Johannesburg :约翰纳斯堡 • 10.the Rainbow Warrior:彩虹勇士号 • 11.Journey:旅行 • 12.offshore wind:离岸风 • 13.produce:产生 • 14.electricity:电 • 15。The North Sea countries；北海国家

  46. 16.supply:供应 17.challenge:挑战 18.government:政府 19.industry:工业 20.sail；航行 21.off the coast:沿海 22.Arctic Sunrise:北极日出号 23.Southeast Asia:东南亚 24.conduct:实施

  47. 25.replace；代替 • 26.nuclear power:核能 • 27.competitive:有竞争力的 • 28.generation:产生 • 29.beat:打败 • 30.costly:昂贵的 • 31.community:社区 • 32.reject:拒绝 • 33.technology:技术 • 34.coal-fired:烧煤的 • 35.power station:发电站

  48. Key to Activity 1: • 1.To support the development of renewable energy around the world. • 2.It can produce nearly twice the electricity needs of the North Sea countries, • 3.It would provide one-third of North Sea countries’ electricity. • 4.It’s in the sea-offshore. • 5.In Southeast Asia.

  49. 6.That renewable energy is ready and able to replace coal.,gas and nuclear power now and in the future. • 7.It is cheaper. • 8.It will be wind energy.

  50. Unless 引导的真实条件句 • 1. Unless 引导的真实条件句,表示“如果不”或“除非”，相当于“if not”,从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。 • Unless I buy a bike, I will have to use a car. • 除非我买辆自行车，否则我就不得不开车。 • Unless you change your light bulbs, you won’t save any energy. • 除非你把灯泡换了，否则你就不会节约任何能源

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