1 / 23

Chapter 9: Biotechnology

Chapter 9: Biotechnology . 9.1, 9.3, & 9.4. 9.1: Manipulating DNA. Key Concept: Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places. Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA. Chemicals, computers, and bacteria are used to work with DNA.

vachel
Download Presentation

Chapter 9: Biotechnology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 9: Biotechnology 9.1, 9.3, & 9.4

  2. 9.1: Manipulating DNA • Key Concept: • Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places.

  3. Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA. • Chemicals, computers, and bacteria are used to work with DNA. • Scientists use these tools in genetics research and biotechnology.

  4. Restriction enzymes • Collected from bacteria • Used for cutting DNA • Cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites) • Can leave blunt ends (straight cuts) or sticky ends (staggered cuts with free nucleotides)

  5. Restriction sites

  6. Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments. • Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. • A DNA sample is cut with restriction enzymes. • Electrical current pulls DNA fragments through a gel. • Smaller fragments move fasterand travel farther than larger fragments. • Fragments of different sizes appear as bands on the gel

  7. A restriction map shows the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites. • Only indicate size, not DNA sequence • Useful in genetic engineering • Used to study mutations

  8. 9.3: DNA Fingerprinting • Key Concept: • DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level

  9. A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map. • DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can be used for identification • Based on noncoding regions of DNA • Noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences • Number of repeats differs between people • Banding pattern on a gel is a DNA fingerprint

  10. DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. • DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match. • Many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA • The probability that two people share identical numbers of repeats in several locations is very small (only one chance in over 5 million people that they would match) • Several regions of DNA are used to make a DNA fingerprint.

  11. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)

  12. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting • Evidence in criminal cases • Paternity tests • Immigration requests • Studying biodiversity • Tracking genetically modified crops

  13. 9.4: Genetic Engineering • Key Concept: • DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

  14. Cloning • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or an organism • Cloning occurs in nature • Bacteria (binary fission) • Some plants (from roots) • Some simple animals (budding, regeneration)

  15. Cloning mammals • Process called nuclear transfer • Nucleus is removed from an egg cell • Nucleus from a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg

  16. Pros/Cons of Cloning Benefits Concerns Low success rate Clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal Decreased biodiversity • Organs for transplant into humans • Save endangered species

  17. (bacterial DNA) Genetic Engineering • Involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits • Based on the use of recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA contains DNA from more than one organism

  18. Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. • Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA • Foreign gene inserted into plasmid

  19. Uses of Genetic Engineering • Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins • Bacteria can be used to produce human insulin for diabetics • Transgenic plants are common in agriculture • transgenic bacteria infect a plant • plant expresses foreign gene • many crops are now genetically modified(GM) • Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions

  20. Concerns about Genetic Engineering • Possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods • Possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity

  21. 9.5 & 9.6 Genomics & Gene Therapy • Genomics: Is the study of genomes (all of an organisms DNA) • This has provided a big step in understanding evolution. • The Human Genome Project: (2003) scientists mapped and sequenced all of the DNA from a few humans to figure out our common base pairs of the entire set of chromosomes. • Gene Therapy: the replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the addition of a new gene into a persons genome to treat a disease.

More Related