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The Sun

Dive into the complexities of the Sun, our solar system's powerhouse. From the core, where temperatures reach up to 14 million degrees Celsius due to nuclear fusion, to the layers including the radiation and convection zones, and the visible photosphere, discover how energy travels and impacts Earth. Understand phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, and our experiences during solar eclipses. With impressive statistics on its size, distance, and solar cycles, this exploration reveals the Sun's dynamic nature and its influence on our planet.

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The Sun

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  1. The Sun

  2. The Solar Interior • Core • Radiation Zone • Convection Zone

  3. The Core • Innermost Layer • Hottest Layer…… 14,000,000 degrees Celsius • Sun’s Energy Is Produced Here……… By Nuclear Fusion: Hydrogen + Hydrogen ----> Helium + ENERGY

  4. The Radiation Zone • Energy travels via waves through this region. • Here, energy is radiated from the core much like a space heater radiates heat through the air. • Temperatures range from 4,500,0000C to 8,100,0000C

  5. The Convection Zone • 2,000,0000C • Energy produced in the core rises towards the surface via………. convection currents Toward Surface Cooler Gases Sink Hotter Gases Rise Toward Core

  6. The Sun’s Surface • Photosphere: This the “disk” you see when you look at a picture of the sun:

  7. Photosphere (cont.) • Only5,700 – 10,300 0C ……..…How cool is that? • Granular appearance: Due to convection from underneath. • Sunspots: Magnetic storms that appear as dark patches. (Very Cool) Seem to peak in 8-11 year cycles. • Flares and Prominences:Eruptions of plasma from surface. • Sometimes they affect earth’s atmosphere producing auroras and may interfere with satellite/radio communications.

  8. The Solar Atmosphere • Chromosphere- A very thin reddish ring (2,500 km) as seen just prior to and after the peak of a totalsolar eclipse. • Corona- Extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees Celsius) - Emits high energy radiation. - Produces both white and red light. These regions of the sun can only be observed during a total solar eclipse

  9. White Corona Red Corona

  10. Solar Eclipse • Occurs when: • Moon is located between sun and earth. • Moon casts its shadow on the earth. • Due to the moon’s cone-shaped shadow, a total solar eclipse can only be seen in limited areas.

  11. When viewed within the: Umbra- you see a total solar eclipse. Penumbra- you see a partial solar eclipse.

  12. Diameter: 1.4 million km (870,000 miles)Age: 4.5 billion yearsMass: 330,000 x EarthDistance from Earth: 149.6 million km (93 million miles)Density: 1.41 (water=1)Distance to Nearest Star: 9.46 million million kmSolar Wind Speed: 3 million km/hr.Luminosity: 390 billion billion megawattsSolar Cycle: 8 - 11 yearsTemperature at surface: 5,500o C (9,932o F)Temperature at Core: 14 milliono C (22.5 milliono F) Temperature of Sunspots: 4,000o C (7,232o F)Rotation Period at Equator: 25 Earth daysRotation Period at Poles: 35 Earth days SolarFacts

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