Intro to Anatomy Terms

1. Intro to Anatomy Terms

2. Body Planes and Positions • Designed to improve communication between all medical fields. • Medical Standard

3. Anatomical Position Standing Facing Forward Palms Facing Forward Medical Professional standard

4. Supine and Prone • Supine – Lying down with the face up. (looking at a pine tree) • Prone – Lying face down.

5. Frontal Plane Coronal Plane Divides the body into: Anterior – Refers to front of body Ventral Posterior Refers to the back of the body Dorsal

6. Sagittal Plane Imaginary line that divides body into left and right halves is known as the midline. Medial : If a body part faces the midline it is said to be medial. Lateral: If a body part is located away from the midline it is said to be lateral

7. Transverse Plane AKA Horizontal Plane Imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes. Cranial – Refers to closer to the head Proximal- Towards an attachment Caudal – Refers to closer to the feet Distal –Away from an attachment

8. Skin • Outermost surface of body • Largest organ of body • Guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. • A break in the skin is a Wound. • Scar Tissue

9. Bones • Over 206 Skeletal bones in the body • 3 primary functions • Protection • EX: Skull and Ribs • Movement • Metabolically active • Produce blood cells • Store calcium and phosphorus

10. Skeleton Axial consists of the approx. 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. It is the central core of the body and where the appendicular skeleton attaches comprised of five parts Skull (22) Ossicles of inner ear (6) Hyoid Bone (1) Rib Cage (25) Vertebral Column (33)

11. Skeleton Appendicular is composed of 134 bones in the human body Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). Composed of 6 parts Pectoral Girdle (4) Arm and Forearm (6) Hands (58) Pelvis (2) Thigh and Leg (8) Feet (56)

12. Bone Types and Shapes • Long – ex. Femur • Epiphysis – Growth Plate where growth occurs • Short – ex. Metacarpal • Flat – ex. Scapula • Irregular – ex. Vertebrae • Sesamoid– ex. Knee Cap

13. Cartilage • Types • Hyaline cartilage:makes up the majority of the body's cartilage. It lines the bones in joints, helping them to articulate smoothly • Elastic cartilage:is more flexible than the other types This type of cartilage is found in the outer ear, the larynx, and the Eustachian tube. • Fibrocartilage : is the strongest and most rigid type of cartilage. Fibrocartilage makes up the intervertebral discs, connects tendons and ligaments to bones, and appears in other high-stress areas. Functions to join structures Absorb shock Permit smooth bone movement

14. Muscles 3 Classifications

15. Skeletal is the type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is being exercised. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily, meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so. They can do a short, single contraction (twitch) or a long, sustained contraction (tetanus).

16. Smooth is found in your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. It contracts involuntarily, meaning that you do not have to think about contracting it because your nervous system controls it automatically. For example, your stomach and intestines do their muscular thing all day long, and, for the most part, you never know what's going on in there.

17. Cardiac is found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. It is a twitch muscle only and contracts involuntarily

18. Tendons • Attach muscle to bone • Transmits the forces that Muscles exert

19. Ligaments Connects bone to bone Helps form Joints

20. Types of Joints • Diarthrodial • The most common and movable type of joint, which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid within the synovial cavity.

21. Synovial Joints

22. Amphiarthrodial Those joints that have cartilage attaching two bones together. Also, known as cartilaginous joints Ex: Ribs and Sternum

23. Synarthrodial Also called, Fibrous Joints Held together by tough connective tissue Immovable Ex: Bones of the skull

24. Body Movements

25. Abduction/Adduction • Abduction – Moving away from the Midline of the body • Adduction – Moving towards the midline

26. Flexion/Extension • Flexion - Movement that decreases the joint angle • Extension – Movement that increases joint angle

27. Supination/Pronation • Supination – Causes the hand to face anteriorly. (Holding Soup) • Pronation – rotation of radius over the ulna causing hand to face posteriorly

28. Dorsiflexion/PlantarFlexion • Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot at the ankle joint towards the body • Plantarflexion – Downward movement of the ankle. Pointing toes to the ground

29. Inversion/Eversion • Inversion – Moving the sole of the foot medially • Eversion – Moving the sole of the foot laterally

30. Retraction/Protraction • Retraction – Posterior movemtn without change in angle • Protraction – Anterior displacement without change in angle

31. Elevation/Depression • Elevation – Lifting superiorly • Depression – Pressing body part inferiorly

32. Lateral and Medial Rotation • Lateral Roattion – Turning a bone or limb away from the midline • Medial Rotation – Turing medial towards midline

33. Circumduction • Circumduction – movement that is circular