Intro to Biology and Basic Chemistry

1. Intro to Biology and Basic Chemistry Ch. 1

2. Biology is woven into the fabric of society as never before • Knowledge of biological concepts is more important than ever We are living in a golden age of biology

3. THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY • Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth • Biology is the scientific study of life

4. Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells Cells Nucleus within cell Cells in squirrel DNA Figure 1.2.2

5. Amoebas, molds, trees, and people are all made from similar cells All organisms share a common chemical language for their genetic material, DNA • The Unity of Life

6. Life in Its Diverse Forms • The diversity of known life includes 1.7 million species • Estimates of the total diversity range from 5 million to over 30 million species • Diversity is the hallmark of life

7. Grouping Species: The Basic Concept • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species • It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms • Biodiversity can be both beautiful and overwhelming Figure 1.7

8. The Three Domains of Life Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea • The three domains of life are Domain Eukarya • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Figure 1.8.1

9. Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotic domains Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Figure 1.8.2

10. Domain Eukarya • Eukarya includes at least four kingdoms Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae • Protista • Plantae • Fungi • Animalia Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Figure 1.8.3

11. Unity in the Diversity of Life • Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure • Evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity • Example: the universal genetic language of DNA

12. The universal architecture of eukaryotic cilia (a) Paramecium (b) Cells from fallopian tube (c) Cross section of cilium Figure 1.9

13. EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME • The history of life is a saga of a restless Earth billions of years old • Fossils document this history Figure 1.10

14. Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life extending back in time • Life evolves Giant panda Spectacled bear Sloth bear Sun bear American black bear Asiatic black bear Polar bear Brown bear Ancestral bear Figure 1.11

15. The Darwinian View of Life • The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species Figure 1.12

16. Descent with modification • Natural selection • Darwin’s book developed two main points

17. Natural Selection • Darwin was struck by the diversity of animals on the Galápagos Islands • He thought of adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes • As populations separated by a geographic barrier adapted to local environments, they became separate species

18. Cactus ground finch Medium ground finch Small tree finch Medium tree finch Woodpecker finch Large cactus ground finch Large ground finch Small ground finch Gray warbler finch • Fourteenspecies of Galápagos finches have beak shapes adapted to suit their environments Green warbler finch Large tree finch Vegetarian finch Mangrove finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Cactus-flower-eaters Bud-eater Seed-eaters Insect-eaters Tree finches Ground finches Warbler finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Figure 1.13

19. Darwin’s Inescapable Conclusion • Darwin synthesized the concept of natural selection from two observations that were neither profound nor original • Others had the pieces of the puzzle, but Darwin could see how they fit together Darwin & Wallace

20. Fact 1: Overproduction and struggle for existence • Fact 2: Individual variation • The inescapable conclusion: Unequal reproductive success • It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin called natural selection • The product of natural selection is adaptation

21. Population with varied inherited traits 1 • Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution Elimination of individuals with certain traits 2 Reproduction of survivors 3 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success 4 Figure 1.14

22. Observing Artificial Selection • Artificial selection is the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animal by humans Figure 1.15

23. Observing Natural Selection • The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is one • There are many examples of natural selection in action Figure 1.16

24. Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species fueled an explosion in biological research • Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated, most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories* • Evolution is the unifying theme of biology *What does the word “theory” mean?

25. Answer: • What is biology? • Describe the three domains of life (What are domains, kingdoms, etc?). • What are some things that organisms have in common? • Why is evolutionary theory important in bio? • What’s a theory?

26. Sweat Pages • On the back of your notes template (each sheet) you must review what you have learned. You should complete each of the following on your sweat page: • Answer Quick Think Questions • Concept Map (G.O.) or Flow Chart • Analogy (relate concept to something you are familiar with) • Summary