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Chapter 10. Natural Resources. State Requirements. E2.2 Energy in Earth Systems E2.2B Identify differences in the origin and use of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy E2.4 Resources and Human Impacts on Earth Systems
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Chapter 10 Natural Resources
State Requirements • E2.2 Energy in Earth Systems • E2.2B Identify differences in the origin and use of renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy • E2.4 Resources and Human Impacts on Earth Systems • E2.4A Describe renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy for human consumption, compare their effects on the environment, and include overall costs and benefits.
Book Concepts • Natural resources support human activity • Energy comes from other natural resources
10.1: What you will learn • What makes a natural resource renewable or nonrenewable • About benefits and costs of using fossil fuels • How people use natural resources in modern life
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • A. Nat. Rcs. provide materials and energy • Natural resource is any energy source, organism, or substance found in nature that people use • Four Earth parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere - provide all materials for life • There are costs and benefits to using nat. res. • Cost- downside, undesirable effect of using resource • Benefit- positive effect or gain from using resource
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • B. Renewable Resource 1. Renewable resource is a nat. rsc. that can be replaced in nature at about the same rate it is used 2. Renewable resources include sunlight, wind, water, trees and other plants, and animal waste
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • C. Nonrenewable Resources 1. Nonrenewable resource is a nat. rsc. that exists in a fixed amount or that is used faster than it can be replaced 2. Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, minerals and rocks 3. resources require millions of years to replace
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 1. Fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy source formed from ancient plants and animals a. buried organisms form layers, buried, compressed, exposed to high heat and pressure to produce fossil fuel b. energy in fuel is stored energy (chemical) produced from sunlight
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 2. Fossil fuels burn easily and produce heat a. used heavily in power plants to produce electricity 3. Burning of fossil fuels harm the environment a. produces excess carbon dioxide, harmful acids, and other forms of pollution
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 4. Coal a. Coal is a fossil fuel formed from plant material b. The greater the heat and pressure the higher the grade of coal c. World’s largest reserves in U.S., Russia and China
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 4. Coal d. Mining of coal from large open pit mines or deep underground mines e. Most coal used to fuel power plants and factories f. Burned coal produces byproducts that pollute air and water
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 4. Coal g. Surface mines destroy landscape and cause pollution from runoff h. Underground mines produce coal dust which is harmful to miners lungs plus cave-ins can occur with loss of life
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 5. Oil and Natural Gas a. Most oil and gas trapped underground in porous rock b. Wells drilled through nonporous rock to tap porous rock c. Major deposits found below ocean as well as land
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • D. Fossil fuels supply energy 5. Oil and Natural Gas d. Recovered oil transported to refineries where heat is used to break oil up into different products such as gasoline, fuel oil and jet fuel e. Costs in using oil include oil spills which cause damage to area as well as clean up costs f. Air pollution results from burning, CO2 increases, smog-produced by burned fuels and sunlight-gives a fog like effect
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • E. Resources supply materials for products 1. Fossil fuels used for plastic and plastic wraps and fertilizers 2. Minerals used in cars, planes, chairs, money, all kinds of products around you 3. Plants used for lumber, furniture, paper, dyes, and medicines
10.1 Natural resources support human activity • E. Resources supply materials for products 4. Costs for use of these products include: a. fossil fuels need to burn to produce power = pollution b. factory wastes from production can pollute soil, water and air c. recovery of materials costs money and may disrupt environment
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 1. Fossil fuels produce 86 % of electricity a. water boiled by burning fossil fuels, steam generated turns a turbine, which turns generator 2. Nuclear power produces 10 % of electricity a. water boiled by nuclear fission
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 3. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the nucleus of a radioactive atom, forming lighter atoms and releasing huge amounts of energy
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel a. when uranium splits it forms two smaller nuclei b. it also releases two neutrons and a large amount of energy c. the neutrons split other nuclei in a chain reaction
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel d. one atom splitting releases 20 million times more energy than burning one molecule of natural gas
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel e. a reactor vessel is where the chain reaction takes place f. control rods are used to limit the reaction by absorbing neutrons thus providing a safe amount of energy
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 4. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel g. the cooling water in the heat exchanger is kept separate from water heated in the reactor h. water from the cooling tower keeps the equipment from overheating
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 5. Nuclear power plants have costs a. nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste that remain dangerous for thousands of years b. these wastes must be stored in a safe location to keep people from exposure and to protect from theft
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • A. Nuclear power produces electricity 5. Nuclear power plants have costs c. currently the nuclear waste from each power plant is stored at each plant while the government decides what to do with it
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 1. Renewables for power and fuel a. Renewables usually produce electricity or fuel with little or no pollution b. these resources cannot produce enough energy to pay for cost of developing c. renewables thus form only 6 % of energy use
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 2. Hydroelectric Energy a. Electricity produced by flowing water, using a dam built across a river, no pollution, replaces ½ billion barrels of oil equivalent b. dams cause problems by flooding lands, destroy habitats, fish migrations and fill over time
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 2. Hydroelectric Energy c. most rivers in US currently built on so very little expansion of this power source is possible
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 3. Solar Energy a. Solar energy falling on US each day enough to power US for a year and a half b. Solar cell is a device of silicon and metals that converts light energy into electricity
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 3. Solar Energy c. Individual solar cells can be linked into arrays in panels to generate larger voltages d. Current methods are expensive and inefficient, as technology improves solar technology will be an important energy source
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 4. Geothermal Energy a. Geothermal energy is energy produced from the heat within Earth’s crust b. Production of geothermal energy requires the drilling of several deep wells for circulating water. Water is heated by contact with the hot rock. This superheated water is then piped into a flash tank which produces steam to turn turbines.
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 4. Geothermal Energy c. Turbines are connected to generators to produce electricity. d. Currently the idea is limited to areas where hot water is close to the surface, Iceland and California. However research is underway to expand the areas available to use the idea.
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 5. Wind Energy a. Wind energy is electricity produced from moving air b. Modern windmills are made of plastic and steel and stand up to 40-stories tall c. Fan blades are connected to generators to produce electricity. The faster the blade turns the more electricity produced
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 5. Wind Energy-drawbacks d. Wind farms can blanket an area with hundreds of windmills e. Wind is clean and renewable, however, it must blow steady for dependable power generation and areas of strong steady winds are difficult to find f. Fan blades are also noisy and the structures take up a lot of room
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 6. Biomass Energy a. Biomass is organic matter, such as plant and animal waste, that can be used as fuel b. Currently, in some areas, wood and other plant material are burned for energy. Fast growing plants and grasses could be grown to supply a renewable energy source that is cheaper than fossil fuels
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 6. Biomass Energy c. Plants are currently being built to convert the sugar and starch in corn into a liquid fuel called ethanol. Ethanol is added to gasoline to form gasohol. d. Although biomass is a renewable resource, problems limit its use. Burning wood and crops produces just as much carbon dioxide as fossil fuels. Biomass crops use fields that could be growing food crops. Ethanol plants are still too expensive to produce on a large scale.
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells a. Scientist are exploring using hydrogen as an energy resource. It is a flammable gas that can be obtained from water. b. The hydrogen would be used in a hydrogen fuel cell- a device that produces electricity by separating hydrogen into protons and electrons.
10.3 Energy from other natural rsc • B. Renewable Resources 7. Hydrogen Fuel Cells c. Hydrogen fuel cells are used in space probes to supply electricity. d. Fuel cells hold promise as a non-polluting energy source but are still too expensive to produce, currently obtaining the needed hydrogen requires more energy than the energy produced and also there are problems in designing stations to supply fuel for the cars.
