Ear, Nose & Throat Health

1. Ear, Nose & Throat Health SALLY DUFFIN BSc Nutr.Med, MBANT, FHFI www.nutritioninyork.co.uk

2. Aims of Webinar Look closer at the structure and detail of the ear, nose and throat passages and how they are interconnected Highlight common ENT disorders Discuss key nutrients and practises for supporting ENT health

3. Ear, nose & throat 1st line of defence against airborne microbes Lined with sensitive mucous membranes to trap and filter airborne particles Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology

4. Ear Ear is divided into 3 parts: - External ear: Auricle (Pinna) External acoustic meatus (ear canal) Tympanic membrane (ear drum) - Middle ear: Oval window Malleus Incus Stapes Round window - Inner ear: Cochlea Semicircular canals

5. Physiology of hearing External and Middle ear relate to hearing, Inner ear relates to hearing AND balance Hearing and sight are our 2 most dominant senses Our ears pick up tiny vibrations in the air = sound energy We developed the ability to hear 210 million years ago!

6. Physiology of hearing • The pinna concentrates and directs sound waves into ear canal • Eardrum vibrates • Vibrations transmitted by the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) • Fluid in the inner ear moves stimulating neuroepithelial cells to generate nerve impulses along 8th cranial nerve to the brain

7. Physiology of balance Inner ear part of balance regulation A change in head position causes the lymph to move which stimulates nerve endings. Nerve impulses passed to cerebellum area in the brain which also receives impulses from eyes, muscles, joints. These impulses re co-ordinated and efferent impulses sent to muscles to alter or maintain body position

8. What can go wrong? • Ear infections – external and internal • Staphylococcus aureus • Bacteria • Fungi • Allergic reaction • Otitis media • Menieres • Labyrinthitis – flu, chickenpox, rubella, mumps • Tinnitus

9. Nose External nose; bones and cartilage Nasal cavity; nostrils septum Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucous Nasal lining extends into the pharynx Sinuses; frontal sphenoidal maxillary Olfactory region – our sense of smell

10. Physiology of nose Breathing! Remains open when we eat Warms and humidifies air coming into the lungs Defence against microbes and airborne particles Smell Speech

11. What can go wrong? Sinusitis – pre-disposing condition, fungal infection, infected tooth Allergies, hayfever Rhinitis Post-nasal drip Loss of sense of smell Epistaxis – risk factors include trauma, dry membranes, medications, hypertension, alcohol abuse, clotting disorders.

12. Throat Pharynx; - common opening of both the digestive and respiratory systems - Connects to the respiratory system at the larynx and the digestive tract at the oesophagus 3 sections - Nasopharynx contains openings from 2 auditory tubes from the middle ear and the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) - Oropharynx contains palatine and lingual tonsils - Laryngopharynx Larynx; - extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea (windpipe) - thyroid and cricoid cartilages

13. Physiology of the throat Begins as a common passageway for air and food Prevents us swallowing food into our lungs Vocal chords - speech

14. What can go wrong? General sore throat Tonsillitis Laryngitis Throat infections Diphtheria - vaccine Sleep apnoea – muscle function in throat

15. Supporting ENT Health • Inflammation • Infection • Pre-disposing conditions • Part of a larger picture of dis-ease

16. Key Nutrients • Antioxidant nutrients • Vit C • Vit A and beta carotene • Vit E • Zinc • Selenium • Vit C, vit e, beta carotene shown to reduce cold symptoms & duration by 20%

17. Key Nutrients • How? • Anti viral • Supporting health of mucous membranes • Antioxidant • Supporting Natural Killer Cell function • Supporting T-cell maturation • Closely linked with.........

18. Key Nutrients • Beneficial gut bacteria • Repress rotaviruses, inhibit pathogen growth • Modulate T-cell activity to influence inflammatory cascade • Essential to counterbalance commonly prescribed ENT antibiotics • Supplement with good quality, carefully processed probiotics

19. Key Nutrients • Hop alpha acids • Natural pain relief • Anti-inflammatory via selection of COX-2 enzymes • Reduces the need for NSAIDs • No sedative or oestrogenic effects

20. Key Nutrients • Vit D Key vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are expressed by the immune system. Modulates the adaptive immune system through its effects on T-cell activation and antigen-presenting cells. Enhances clearance of bacteriaby immune cells.

21. Key Nutrients Aloe Vera Correctly processed whole leaf preparations are rich in polysaccharides Enhances bioavailability of vitamins C and E Encourages growth and proliferation of probiotic bacteria Anti viral Anti inflammatory Use as mouthwash or gargle

22. Key Nutrients Omega 3 Powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects Regulates eicosanoid production Eicosanoids from arachidonic acid on the omega-6 pathway have pro-inflammatory activity; omega-3 pathway eicosanoids balance this with anti-inflammatory actions. Krill oil provides omega-3 fats in highly bioavailable phospholipid form as opposed to triglyceride form Useful for chronic ENT conditions

23. Supportive Holistic techniques Steaming Oil pulling with coconut oil Warm facial compresses Facial massage

24. Summary • ENT conditions can be bacterial, viral, fungal or auto-immune and involve symptoms of inflammation, pain and excess mucous • Key nutrients can be used to support anti-inflammatory pathways, pain relief • Practical techniques can also be used

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27. Nutrigold Newsletters See Nutrigold newsletters and updates service for full reference list: An Alphabet of Antioxidants Fish Oils Alpha Acids and natural pain relief Learn More about Vitamin D Benefits of Krill Oil Benefits of Vitamin C Supporting our Immune Systems Polysaccharides may be important in supporting our immune system Webinars – “Managing Allergies the Naturopathic Way” “Understanding Dysbiosis” “Eye Health” “Understanding the Omega Oil Revolution”

28. References Seeley R. et al (2008) Anatomy & Physiology Eighth Edition McGraw-Hill, New York http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3290accessed online 13/03/2013 Sleep apnoea http://www.patient.co.uk/health/obstructive-sleep-apnoea Accessed online 12/03/13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid accessed online 13/03/13 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7948498accessed online 14/03/13 Micronutrients and Innate Immunity http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/182/Supplement_1/S5.short accessed online 14/03/13

29. References Vitamin C Promotes Maturation of T-Cells. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23249337accessed online 14/03/13 Dietary and commensal derived nutrients: shaping mucosal and systemic immunity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22857854accessed online 14/03/13 Murray M.T. (1996) Encyclopaedia of Nutritional Supplements Three Rivers Press, New York Functional and Morphological Pathology of Chronic Sinusitis Mucous Membranehttp://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016488309105584

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