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History of PE

History of PE. Point of Emphasis. This is the only course that will address PE history, a topic included on the Praxis II exam. Current Physical Education is the latest rendition of all the changes that have taken place over time.

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History of PE

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  1. History of PE

  2. Point of Emphasis • This is the only course that will address PE history, a topic included on the Praxis II exam.

  3. Current Physical Education is the latest rendition of all the changes that have taken place over time. • Throughout their history in the U.S., k-12 physical education programs have tended to reflect larger patterns in American culture, people’s needs and choices regarding physical activity, and trends in the educational system. The goals, content, and instruction in physical education have evolved and will continue to grow in ways that call for new approaches.

  4. Ancient Times • No formal PE, activity through work, dance or game play • Gymnasium – Greece word for training ground (Pompeii image below) • From gymnos – Greek for “naked” • Palaestrae – private wrestling schools in Greece

  5. PE in U.S. – Early American • Mid 1700’s – 1900 • Emphasis on physical training, also called gymnastics • Many different systems • German system: vigorous calisthenics with hand weights, “indian clubs”, ropes, ladders, parallel and horizontal bars, brings, vaulting poles and balance activities. Music and rhythms (usually drumbeats) accompanied the exercises.

  6. PE in U.S. – Early American • Swedish System – more scientific and thearapuetic focusing on improving heart and lung function also using much of the same equipment as the German system. • Many other systems, only included two most prominent • 1886 – California becomes first state to require physical training as part of public school curriculum

  7. Typical 1800’s gymnasium

  8. Harvard University

  9. Pratt Gym, Amherst College, MA

  10. PE in U.S. – Early American • Catherine Beecher • Developed her own system that focused more on “beautiful and strong movements performed to music to help produce good posture, strength and grace.” • Many light exercises that involved holding positions (yoga-esque) • Did not use equipment as this not lady-like • “Mother” of American PE

  11. PE in U.S. – Early American • Dudley Sargent • Combined several of the systems • Modified and developed adjustable exercise machines using pulley systems to lift or pull weights • Fought to put physical education on par with other subject areas

  12. 1885 • Adelphi Conference, NY (1885) – Participants pledge to improve the profession and increase its standing. The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education was formed (forerunner of SHAPE). • Names for PE: Gymnastics, physical training, sport, physical education

  13. Early American Period (1900-1930) • Immigration – introduced new activities • Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed activities • Growth of leisure time • Intercollegiate athletic conferences • Curb abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten) • Comprehensive Education • John Dewey; progressive education, learn by doing and experimenting

  14. Early American Period (1900-1930) • Noticeable shift • “PE” began diversifying its content to include sports • Still included militaristic, calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning • Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical Education • Formalized PE curriculum begins to develop • More states began requiring PE

  15. Posture Exercises http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlZgMkaC5A

  16. Early American Period (1900-1930) • Umbrella term – Physical Education • Included dance, health education, intramurals, camping, playgrounds, recreation, outdoor education, YMCA/YWCA. • NEA officially recognizes physical education as curricular field.

  17. Mid-20th Century (1930-70) • WWII – an unacceptable number of recruits were declared unfit for combat • A much higher percentage of American children were unfit compared to European peers (60% v. 6%) • President’s Council on Youth Fitness established,1956 • John F. Kennedy publishes “The Soft American” in S.I. • Pres. Johnson creates the Presidential Youth Fitness Award program, 1966 (today: President’s Challenge) • Combined with Fitnessgram ~2010

  18. Mid-20th Century (1930-70) • PE beginning to incorporate more adventure programming, lifetime activities, dance and outdoor pursuits • Creation of the first instructional model - movement education in 60’s and 70’s • Physical education research begins being published by university faculty

  19. Late 20th Century (1970-2000) • Development of national standards • NASPE developed a document defining what children should know and be able to do (1986) • 1995 – NASPE publishes “Moving Into the Future: National Standards for Physical Education” • Fruits of academic research seen in the New PE • Physical Education begins splitting into sub-disciplines and various fields specialize (more later) • Development of all instructional models except movement education (what are they) • Cooper Institute releases Fitnessgram (1991)

  20. Late 20th Century (1970-2000) • Adventure/Cooperative (late 60’s, 70’s) • Outward bound, project adventure, team challenge • Tactical or Teaching games for understanding (1986) • Hellison’s model of social responsibility (1995) • Sport education (1994) • Wellness/fitness (1990’s) • Holistic/proactive (body, mind, spirit) • Lifetime activity

  21. Late 20th Century (1970-2000) • Title IX (1972) began addressing gender inequity in sport and PE • Coed classes became the norm (quite a shock for some) • Q&A – when is it OK to have same-sex classes

  22. Late 20th Century (1970-2000) • Individuals with Disability Education Act (1990) • Least restrictive environment; IEPs • No Child Left Behind (1991) – schools must show improvement in core subjects

  23. Subdisciplines • Anatomy • The physical structure of an animal

  24. Subdisciplines • Kinesiology • Study of movement (human in our case)

  25. Subdisciplines • Biomechanics • Study of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizes principles drawn from physics. • No specific course, incorporated throughout

  26. Subdisciplines • Physiology • Functions and activities of living organisms, including all physical and chemical processes.

  27. Subdisciplines • Exercise physiology • Study of bodily systems and their reactions to stress of exercise.

  28. Subdiscplines • Motor Learning • Focuses on how motor skills are learned. • Areas: motor learning, control, development • Categories • Initial • Elementary • Mature

  29. Early 21st Century (2000- • Downsides: • Reduction of time allotted PE • Partly due to increased emphasis on high-stakes tests • Disparities in instruction • Roll out the ball “gym teachers” • Waivers/exemptions for PE

  30. Early 21st Century (2000- • Positives: • Increased lifetime activity and fitness focus • Improved status (room to grow) • Seen as engine for promoting PA and reducing obesity and diabetes • Greater recognition of the importance of physical activity in many facets of life • Play 60, CDC recommendations, School Board

  31. Early 21st Century (2000- • Positives: • Publication of detailed national standards by grade level • Refocusing mission on HPE (SHAPE) • Emphasis on assessment and data collection • On cusp of being listed as core subject • Increased PE mandates in several states

  32. Q&A http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsports.htm • What sports were invented in the US? Some have their roots in sports from abroad. • Lacrosse (<1630, Native Americans) • Baseball/Softball (Cartwright, ~1845, NYC) • Football (~1820, Rutgers/Princeton 1869; Camp) • Basketball (Naismth, 1891, Springfield, MA) • Volleyball (Morgan, 1895, Holyoke MA) • Mountain Biking (Californnia) • Pickleball (Bell and Pritchard, 1965, WA state) • Ultimate (1968, Joel Silver, a student at Columbia High School in Maplewood, NJ )

  33. La-crosse

  34. Basketball History http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io35RCBMQJw 1909

  35. Depends on You

  36. WCU PE History

  37. Brownie Points • How old is West Chester’s PE program? • 1889 to Today

  38. 1871 • First formal PE classes were conducted by Mrs. Ann Morris, wife of Normal School principal.

  39. 1889 • Principal of the Normal School, Dr. George Philips commissioned the construction of a new gymnasium. During that same time period Dr. Philips announced the creation of the department of physical training and introduced its new directors Dr Ehinger and his wife Ella. These two events mark the beginning of a formal department of physical education at West Chester University.

  40. Dr. Ehinger and his wife served as co-directors of the physical training department for thirty years

  41. Dr. Ehinger and his wife introduced yearly Gymnastics demonstrations in 1892, wrestling 1892, Women's Tennis 1892, Bicycling 1893, Boxing 1894, Swimming 1894, Annual Men's Field Sports Day 1894, Men's Athletic Association 1895, Women's Golf 1898, Men's Basketball 1898, Men's Gymnastics Team 1899, Women's Track and Field 1910, Compulsory Swimming for women 1914

  42. 1926 • First degrees in health education were awarded

  43. 1950 • Dr. Sturzebecker was appointed director of H&PE. Over the next 20 years under Dr. Sturzebecker's leadership added programs in Safety Education, Health, Recreation, Physical Education for the Disabled, and Graduate Studies.

  44. 1961 • West Chester State Teachers College and the Department of Health and Physical Education gained national recognition when the Russian gymnastics team came to West Chester to compete against the USA

  45. 1971 • As the university expanded, became part of the State System of Higher Education (SSHE), and enrollment increased, buildings and playing fields were lost. To compensate, South Campus was built and later renamed Sturzebecker HSC.

  46. 1990’s • Faculty of the Physical Education Department voted to change its name to the Kinesiology Department. This action was taken in light of the change in programs other than teacher certification, changes in the University and Department mission, and national trends

  47. West Chester University -- 125 Years Campus - Aerial View - 1936 Old Main: The large "T" shaped structure in the photograph. The top of the "T" is facing High Street.Old Main was demolished in the Fall of 1971 Philips Memorial Building:The large structure on the right side of the photograph. Recitation Hall:The structure opposite the base of the "T". Old Library:The structure to the left of Recitation Hall Model School:The structure to the right of Recitation Hall. The building is now known as Ruby Jones Hall Old Gymnasium:The structure between Recitation Hall and the North Wing (right side) of Old Main.The Old Gymnasium was demolished in the Fall of 1971.

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